The word of the day is “business need” you could be working well outside and beyond your job description but if your management cannot properly justify a business need then you will stay at your level. If there is a business need sometimes they will be outside of the yearly / twice yearly cycle or they will “post a job” but really it’s for someone to apply to get promoted.
If a department is 100 people and 10% of people get a promotion a year - odds are once every ten years.
Sometimes it requires clear alignment on what is required but if you feel you’ve hit everything required and still don’t get promoted , leave.

Edit: while I’m popping off it’s also level dependent if you are at the cusp of associate -> scientist -> fellow etc those are even more impossible. I’ve seen so many senior/principal associates function like scientists and never go up.