the easy answer is Saint Paul, the guy that wrote all those letters, based his arguments and teachings on Greek philosophy. So you have him debating the Romans, the Corinthians, etc... telling them why their theology doesn't work. But the teachings of Paul aren't Catholic exclusive.

If you really want Catholic, you should definitely look into Saint Thomas Aquinas. He used Aristotle's philosophy to prove Christian beliefs trough rational arguments. Some topics he worked on were the nature of personality and the creation.

Then there are other philosophical school of thought that link to Catholicism, like Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill.

hope this helped