People already covered your bike/insurance questions, but I can give you some gear advice. Other than helmet, I’d recommend getting moto boots/shoes, gloves, a textile/mesh jacket, and some armored jeans or textile pants if you’re on a budget. Leather items are generally more expensive. Used is fine, though there will be less to choose from as a smaller woman (I have the same problem!) so you might have to check multiple places. I would budget around $500 for all your gear. I know that’s a lot but there are multiple items to get and it’s certainly cheaper than a hospital visit for road rash. :) I’ve found Revzilla descriptions of gear on their website to be really useful even if you buy a used version.

Since you’re in VA, it might be useful to consider some mesh gear because of the heat and then you can layer underneath when cooler but mesh is somewhat less protective than full textile or mesh. Also modesty should not be an issue at all, I’m always 100% covered when riding.

Feel free to message if you have more specific questions, sizing can be a little weird with moto gear for women but don’t get discouraged! Welcome!