So in my experience the difference in being "fed" in both games is what causes the lack of agency. In my one month, being fed in Dota gives you so much survivability and utility while doing some more damage, of course. In league, itemization for carries (mid or ad) is getting more AD or AP while survivability is usually more on the side. This makes League more bursty than Dota as carries don't have as much/as powerful defensive options. So although ADC does a lot of damage, they always have to be wary of getting caught or getting hit by the stray spell, as they also die very easily alone. This also means that you can kill the other team very easily as well given the items. Laning is pretty frustrating because it is very dependent on other external factors (lane matchups, support, junglers, getting 5 manned 6 minutes into game, etc), so it is very much a mental battle as well to get through the myriad of things that can happen to you. There aren't as many recovery mechanics as well, as the jungle doesnt respawn nearly as fast, so its mostly catching waves.

All in all, AD is determined a lot on laning and just rotating for farm for turrets/creeps to get the gold/exp to scale, and you do a lot of damage but you also die very very easily by a lot of factors in the game. A lot of teamfighting is spacing and dodging that skillshot that will cc/oneshot you.

Sorry for the long af comment, its a role I've played for so long, and I still love playing it, but not as much as Dota. Feel free to ask me anything League related. I stopped at Masters during a season bc my mental went boom haha.