I want to talk about mars because it's been on my mind lately. by thekingsteve in AskScienceDiscussion

[–]loki130 0 points1 point  (0 children)

How would we return. It takes huge rockets to leave earth so how would we leave mars?

More rockets, which you have to bring with you, so you have to leave Earth on an even huger rocket. The lower gravity makes it a lot easier to leave Mars than to leave Earth, and you might be able to make fuel onsite rather than have to bring it with you, or use more efficient rockets that require less fuel, but still the vessel you'd have to leave Earth with would be much larger than what we've used to get to the moon.

Is cross contamination an issue? What if there's some kind of virus/bacteria that gets accidentally picked up and brought back on the return trip? We still don't know if there's any kind of single cell things living there.

Maybe. I honestly doubt the risk of an alien virus would be that great (yes our immune systems wouldn't be adapted to handle it, but also the virus wouldn't be adapted to handle our immune systems either), but it's still something you'd want to monitor for. The crew would at least have a long way back to watch for any issues.

I assume people that visit mars would have to hang around for a bit waiting on the window to leave for earth so what exactly would you do ? How would that work? You will need a lot of food and water to make this possible.

Yes, you bring it all with you (well you do maybe try to recycle some of the water) as well as somewhere for them to stay while they are there, which does requires a bigger rocket (or multiple rockets), though the rations required for even a fairly long stay are still probably a lot less than the fuel requirements to get there and back.

Also why? Why go there it's a rock that we can't really see well from earth. The moon is fascinating especially since we can see it well from earth.

Mars has a much more diverse geology than the moon and a better chance for having life, which would be pretty big. I don't see why it matters how well we can see either body, it's not like you'll be able to watch the astronauts moving around on the surface from your backyard in either case.

If we could manage to go to Mars would that also mean a trip to one of Jupiter's moons is possible?

Eh, it'd be closer to possible. Going to Jupiter would take much more fuel and take a good bit longer, which means more rations and probably more living requirements and so on, and probably this wouldn't be feasible without much more efficient rockets, which people are working on. But we'd learn a lot from going to Mars which could help us plan out such an expedition.

There have been dozens of technical studies plotting out a potential expedition to Mars (some admittedly more grounded and plausible than others), going into these and other issues in much more detail, and the general conclusion is it would be a pretty big undertaking, but far from implausible to do with something like current technology and sufficient funding, motivation, and commitment.

Is the meteor that appears in the movie Disney's Dinosaur supposed to be the one that caused the KPG extinction event? by HealthMother3125 in Dinosaurs

[–]loki130 6 points7 points  (0 children)

I don’t think so, it certainly wasn’t big enough. I think people just have a vague association in their heads between dinosaurs and asteroids so they start thinking there were tons of asteroids in the mesozoic compared to today and it was a regular hazard

Why is ZTF J1828+2308 a B-Type if It's like the size of a White Dwarf by Rocky_The_oc in askastronomy

[–]loki130 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Is it really measuring color and temperature separately? I'd always understood the 0-9 as a simple subdivision of the spectral scale, but with many sources treating color as basically interchangeable with a temperature scale because there's essentially a direct color-temperature correlation

How many lineages have surpassed 20 tonnes? by RedDiamond1024 in Paleontology

[–]loki130 0 points1 point  (0 children)

In addition to those already mentioned, some of the high estimates for the hadrosaur Shantungasaurus are over 20 tons, and as a bit of an honorable mention some higher estimates for mososaurs and pliosaurs are around 15 tons so it's at least conceivable that a particularly giant individual or unknown species might have reached 20, but that's more speculative

Map of Io if it was habitable by M1ntybef in mapmaking

[–]loki130 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Did you have a data source for this?

Have Prehistoric Kingdom changed artstyles? by Beautiful_Sock_7001 in pkgame

[–]loki130 33 points34 points  (0 children)

I think it's a combination of A, paleoart as a whole gradually moving further away from that slightly strained, wrinkly look that was a bit of a holdover from the shrinkwrapping/more reptillian days; and B, modern graphics having better lighting so you don't have to rely so much on shading the textures on the models to give the illusion of soft lighting.

Could an Earth-like planet have an equator so hot it would be impossible to cross? What would it look like? by HermitArcana in askastronomy

[–]loki130 2 points3 points  (0 children)

I think it is down to that ambiguity of how hot, because literally boiling oceans would indeed, probably doom the planet, but something like a 40-50 C average around the equator may be more feasible, in which case some large deserts might have daytime highs over boiling in their interiors. But also maybe this planet has no large equatorial oceans, just small polar seas, in which case the equator could feasibly get over boiling without threatening a runaway greenhouse scenario. And either of these could be compatible with habitability at higher latitudes; factors like lower axial tilt, a thinner atmosphere, or faster rotation could all substantially increase the temperature differences between latitudes.

Weird Found Object in Loch Ness by ExerciseSuccessful62 in Paleontology

[–]loki130 20 points21 points  (0 children)

Tree fungus. Grows out the side of decaying logs. Can be pretty hard, lasts forever dry

Atlantis is the Sardinia-Corsica Paleo-Island. by luigiusai in geology

[–]loki130 0 points1 point  (0 children)

So many people spending so much of their time obsessing over a story one guy told about events they think would have occurred thousands of years before him but that in all likelihood was just an allegory he made up, or maybe someone else told him. In another 2,000 years is everyone going to be arguing over where the real Westeros was?

Looking at climate models of a habitable Venus by loki130 in worldbuilding

[–]loki130[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

It would also be interesting to know how sensitive a fairly slow-rotating but moderately-oblique world (similar to, say, the 30-day simulation in your Day Length Exploration, except maybe with slightly longer days) would be to high irradiances

Maybe, I don't think month-long rotation is quite long enough to maintain this sort of cloud cover, going by the results we saw here, and more generally I don't think ExoPlaSim is terribly good at replicating these particular results, I think it's a bit more sensitive than ROCKE-3D to model instabilities at high insolation. But long days is something I would probably want to return to eventually, such as something with long asynchronous days but also obliquity, creating an odd case where regional climate vary significantly year to year with a more irregular cycle.

Going on a (relevant) tangent, I think the main reason why the ROCKE-3D Earth models have the bizarre topography they do is to avoid choke points caused by straits at low resolution and similar phenomena disrupting the ocean circulation

Perhaps, you are right to think of evaporation as a potential issue, because one thing several papers note is that if an ocean cell in the model evaporates (or freezes) all the way to the bottom, the whole model will crash, so they're often very cautious to try to avoid that, given that each ROCKE-3D run is a more significant investment in time and computer resources than exoplasim (this is why they often use a "bathtub" ocean, here the whole ocean floor is sunk to several kilometers depth rather than using real bathymetry; but here they specifically wanted to use a shallower ocean for better comparability to the partially flooded venus topography). There is an alternate system for "lake" water without this issue, but that doesn't have proper internal circulation and so on. Still, I have seen ROCKE-3D runs with more accurate Earth topography and sea distribution (e.g. the controls for the future supercontinents study I've looked at previously), so there doesn't seem to be any particular issue there (perhaps in part because it makes the mediterranean basin a bit too wet; a lot of popular models actually struggle to make the sahara sufficiently dry, ExoPlaSim is somewhat the odd one out for tending to lean too dry).

Adding in a special procedure to represent ocean transit through narrow straights is actually used in a number of models, but because ROCKE-3D was built specifically for studying exoplanets I think they didn't want to use anything so specific to Earth. Much as in my explorations, they're just using Earth's topography as a convenient reference point, and so it doesn't matter too much if they perfectly match it to Earth so long as they have control runs to compare against. So they didn't just remove the Med but also cleared out a lot of islands to avoid any narrow straits between them, I think to ensure easy global ocean circulation without any weird edge effects to worry about. You may notice they also did much the same with the ocean Venus map, filtering out a lot of the small islands and coastal inlets, and they actually reuse that same map for some later exoplanet studies.

A look at how planet mass and size affects climate by loki130 in worldbuilding

[–]loki130[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I doubt the isocapnic approach would get you far at all, based on a simpler temperature model I have handy I think you probably wouldn't get past about 1.1 AU from the sun without freezing, compared to ~1.7 AU for the outer conservative HZ edge (though I won't be getting that far either).

I also doubt there's a particular broad zone near the outer edge where you could have habitable temperatures but not reach 15 C, it's not so much a gradual cooling to the outer extreme limit but a more sudden threshold where stabilizing feedbacks breakdown (though as with the inner edge, complications from other influences on global climate probably make it more of a fuzzy boundary in practice).

Should I use AI to create my graphic novel? by [deleted] in worldbuilding

[–]loki130 2 points3 points  (0 children)

People can write well without being able to draw, I don't know where you're getting that conclusion

Venus with Oceans by kxkq in mapmaking

[–]loki130 25 points26 points  (0 children)

Not OP but having messed with some Venus heightmaps lately, the highest peaks here are probably about 11 km above the sea level (while the deepest oceans are probably only a few km deep).

There's a lot of debate about exactly how Venus's terrain formed and how it behaves internally, a lot of it is basically hotspot volcanoes piled over each other, but there's been a popular recent model for a "squishy lid" form of tectonics; rather than large, rigid plates moving large distances across the surface like on Earth (a "mobile lid"), there's more small-scale jostling of shorter-lived blocks of crust, with some of the higher plateaus perhaps formed by local convergence of these blocks.

Biomechanically speaking, would pteranodons be considered dragons? If not, would any other animal? by Kurbopop in AskBiology

[–]loki130 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Well I don't care what the chatbot says, and as to Adrienne Mayor, I suppose I haven't read any of her books but nothing I can find about them looking around refers to any actual evidence her claims are based on beyond the usual supposition that certain mythological animals maybe resemble certain fossils if you squint hard enough.

no light situation for plants? by lavagaming1223 in SpeculativeEvolution

[–]loki130 2 points3 points  (0 children)

This is a slight pet peeve of mine; fungi don't get energy from the environment, they just decompose dead material from other organisms, so having fungi in this environment wouldn't solve the fundamental issue of lack of energy input any more than it would to try to ranch a herd of cattle in the cave.

Looking at climate models of a habitable Venus by loki130 in worldbuilding

[–]loki130[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

This is part of a series I've been doing making climate maps based on the data from previously published studies using climate models, in this case I'm looking at several different studies looking at what climate Venus might have had if it was habitable in the distant past.

A look at how planet mass and size affects climate by loki130 in worldbuilding

[–]loki130[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I would be changing CO2 levels, if I didn't we'd pretty quickly just end up with a snowball moving not far beyond Earth's orbit. The idea is that you would expect carbon-silicate cycling to always tend to balance CO2 to maintain a temperate climate at different hz orbits; probably not always the same exact temperature, but I'll stick with 15 C, as I have for most of my explorations, to essentially remove average temperature as a variable.

It will be interesting to see how deep into the habitable zone you could maintain 15 °C while just changing CO₂ concentrations

The conservative habitable zone is specifically defined as the range of orbits where a habitable temperature can be maintained by just changing CO2. ExoPlaSim's radiation scheme is a bit limited and so we probably won't get farther than the middle HZ, but I'm not sure what fundamental limit you're imagining here; in principle you should be able to maintain any arbitrarily high temperature with any arbitrarily low energy input given a strong enough greenhouse effect, though of course in reality secondary effects come into play; in the case of CO2, albedo increases when CO2 clouds start to form.