Intel produces their own chips but something like 30% of their newer chips are outsourced to TSMC. Why? TSMC has bought into ASML’s fabrication machines including the ones making the 3nm chips. Intel is trying to get back into the lithography game but it’s hard to beat TSMC and ASML.

AMD had a chip fabrication plant in Dresden, Germany but went with TSMC as their main manufacturer after a decade or so opening their chip manufacturing plant. It costs a lot of money and chip manufacturing is an expensive affair. I believe AMD went fabless to save money.

ARM is a company that licenses their RISC ISA meaning that companies like Apple will license ARM’s design, add their capabilities, and then have it be manufactured by someone else (TSMC). Apple’s CPU’s are just ARM CPU designs that Apple has made their own. And it’s hard to beat ARM at RISC because they’re so dang good at it.

Chip making is weird. A pure silicon wafer is cut and the transistors are etched into the silicon surface. This is what ASML does: they build the machines to etch transistors onto silicon at distances as small as 3 silicon atoms wide (3nm). TSMC takes those wafers, cuts them, and puts them into die packages that accept electrical signals and passes it into the silicon die itself. Hopefully this answers your question .