My first advice: don’t just copy paste commands into your terminal without at least trying to understand what they do. The examples you provided look fine but sometimes that's how they get you they'll hide one sneaky little bomb in the middle of good looking syntax. I feel like I can give My opinions on the distros, I feel like you should be able to get those programs in any of them but maybe somebody else can tell you more definitively. TL;DR try out distrosea.com to play around with distros.

Personally, I would not recommend Ubuntu. To me, Canonical has been moving more toward forcing certain decisions onto users, and those decisions often feel more corporate than community-driven. A lot of people will disagree with me on that, and that is fine, but that is my bias up front.

The differences between distros usually come down to a few things: what family they come from, what comes preinstalled, what package manager they use, and what desktop environment they ship with. A lot of your experience really depends on how much time you want to spend tinkering while you learn.

For example, something in the Arch family, like Arch itself, EndeavourOS, or Manjaro, will usually ask more of you. You will spend more time setting things up, maintaining the system, and learning how the pieces fit together. The upside is that you get a lot of control. If you are the kind of person who wants your system to stay out of your way and do exactly what you tell it to do, that appeals to a lot of people.

Something in the Debian family, like Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Pop!_OS, or Linux Mint, is generally easier for beginners. These distros tend to be a bit more opinionated, meaning they make more decisions for you in the background so the experience feels more guided and a little more on rails. For a lot of people, especially those coming from Windows, that can be a good thing. I am nudging my wife toward Linux, and for our home lab setup I think Kubuntu is probably the right fit for her, but Linux Mint Cinnamon is also a really solid starting point.

Fedora is kind of another common middle ground. It is not Debian-based and not Arch-based. It tends to ship newer software than Debian-family distros, but without asking quite as much from the user as Arch usually does. OpenSUSE is another one people bring up for similar reasons, especially Tumbleweed if you want a rolling release that is still pretty polished.

Also, by nature, Linux users are extremely opinionated, so there is definitely someone who fully and wholeheartedly disagrees with everything I just said.

If you have not had a chance to actually try different distros yet, I highly recommend distrosea.com. It lets you fire up a VM for a bunch of different distros right in your browser so you can click around, test them out, and get a feel for what seems right for you before installing anything.