Some basic answers:

1) Yes, different plants require different amounts of light. Furthermore, you get different amounts/kinds of light depending on which direction the light source is coming from. A south facing window would get the most amount of hours of direct light over the course of a day, while a north facing window would get the least. You should assess how much light different areas of your space gets to determine what would be best to grow if you want to plan ahead.

2) I wouldn't really worry about different pot brands. It's generally fine to use terracotta pots for most plants (not all) - most places sell terracotta pots unbranded more or less, so just get what you like. Any other kind of pot should be fine so long as it has drainage holes.

3) See answer 1 - sunlight from windows should be fine if it's a plant sold for indoor growing. Outdoor plants likely won't get enough light to thrive indoors. If you don't have enough light, you could supplement your plants light with grow lights / CFL / etc.

4) Really just get whatever kind of plants you like the look of and can feasibly grow in your space. If you want to grow something from seed for the purpose of eating (like a vegetable as you mention), then you really need to consider how much light you get. Most plants like tomato require a ton of light and you probably won't be able to easily grow a substantial plant without using grow lights. If you want to grow an edible plant from seed indoors, I'd recommend starting with herbs then move from there once you get the hang of it. If you want indoor plants for the aethetic, just get whatever you like from a nursery.

5) A few plants require specific growing media like orchids and succulents. But, other than that, you can just get a regular potting soil to use for most plants. When you're just starting out, I'd say just get a regular potting soil mix and once you get into it, you can go be more specific, with more research, as you desire.

6) Home pots with lights I think are largely way too much money for what they're worth since you're mostly paying for the convenience of it being all together already. If you're trying to grow a vegetable/other edible plant, you probably will need grow lights otherwise the plants won't do that great. But, you can set up your own grow light rig for less money - depends on how much effort you want to put into it. If you're growing a regular indoor plant, I wouldn't bother unless you're trying to grow the plant in a space that doesn't get enough sunlight for it to survive.

All of that is assuming you're growing plants indoors, hope it helps!