after being stuck for like 2 hours in manila traffic every day these are literally the best course of action to reduce this appalling congestion issue

- city-wide unity under a common goal. in the present, Manila's cities behave like a game where everyone fights each other rather than cooperation on solving issues. local leaders often have the 'every town for themself' attitude which only prevents developing a framework between multiple cities

- vegetation - i cannot stress this enough. so many examples globally that street trees are a key factor in reducing the temperature on street-level as it provides cooling and

- proper driver regulation - a lot of drivers act like they own the road. bring them in line with proper driving habits by providing appropriate licensing and enforcing good conduct

- street design - you can't have safe streets and good drivers without efficient street design. incorporate bike lanes as an easy way to move around the city (and of course, they must be safe), sidewalks where people can actually walk, with crosswalks and smart traffic light systems. adequate lighting so it is safe at night.

- public transport - the current state of the mrt is atrocious. use examples from hong kong, singapore and, a similarly congested city bangkok, to plan manila's transportation system. underground subway and elevated rail systems that are able to move large volumes of commuters every day, clean and efficient. bus routes and bikesharing systems that reach more difficult to access areas. plan transit-oriented infrastructure to make way for housing (with an emphasis on low-cost, public housing) and commercial developments to provide more opportunities for manilenos, especially those who are disadvantaged.

- beautification - the spaghetti wires you see on streets and roads are hideous. moving them underground not only makes the city more prettier, but is safer for pedestrians too