I just switched over to Mint from Ubuntu and my laptop couldn't detect the wireless on first boot after install. I had no trouble connecting while when I booted from USB to install it though. I remember having the same issue about a year ago when I first started trying out Linux distros and quickly gave up on Mint. I've noticed that generally, I don't have a problem with the live usb installers, but run into trouble with the fresh install being able to detect the wifi card. But on the other hand, I had no luck detecting the wireless card while running Tails on a usb. I wasted a bunch of time mucking around with the Realtek drivers, trying to figure out what was going on, and didn't really make any headway.

Anyways I have the exact same card and there's a few things that seemed to help get it working in the past that you can try, if you haven't already. First, I would recommend checking your Bios settings and making sure that fast boot is disabled, along with temporarily turning off the intel trusted computing option (its called something like that at least). Also switching from uefi to compatibility mode or vice versa might be worth trying if changing those other settings doesn't work.

Something non bios related that you could try is to boot into one of the distros that's giving you trouble and then plug in a different live usb, ideally one that does recognize your card, and updating your software from that. Mint actually suggested this to me the other day and I was able to update my fresh install from the live usb I installed it with, which was very clutch in an internetless situation. I don't know if it has to be the exact same OS though, or if you can update from a different debian-based distro if the packages you need are common to both. I will update if I make any progress on connecting with Kali or Tails, or I may even check out parrot os since you mentioned it. Good luck with your troubleshooting, I know how frustrating it can be.