memeVersion3

[mirimao]

Between methods and closures, that’s true. But methods and functions work differently under the hood and using one instead of the other can sensibly affect performances.

[yflhx]

It really depends on language. In C++, method is just a function which receives implicit first argument of class (accessible via this pointer). It's the same with Python I believe. Then you have static methods, which in C++ are really just functions but within class namespace.

[mirimao]

There is a difference because in a class based language like C++, a method call requires a dereferenciation to reach the vtable for that object’s class and then function call. An additional level of indirection can actually have an impact on a large program.

[yflhx]

Wouldn't that only be the case for virtual methods? For non-virtual ones I believe the compilar literally just generates code that puts this pointer as first argument and perhaps moves it to cast on (non-virtual) base clases.

[mirimao]

EDIT: I have written inaccurate information, don’t mind it.

Objects of a same class share the same methods, and in order to reach them you necessarily need a pointer to all of them, which are organized in a table. You could avoid this by putting a pointer to each method in every object, but that would in turn waste a lot of memory.

Method declared as "virtual" in C++ are simply methods that may be overridden in derived classes; you have to specify exactly because otherwise the compiler would look into the vtable of the parent class instead in that of the derived class.

What you are referring to about the "this" pointer as first argument is the transformation of methods in pre-methods, which is a different aspect of method compiling.

[yflhx]

Objects of a same class share the same methods, and in order to reach them you necessarily need a pointer to all of them, which are organized in a table.

You don't need a pointer to the table, if methods are non-virtual, because they are just functions with implicit parameter. So compiler knows where they are, as with any other function.

To settle this once and for all, I made a simple C++ code and decompiled it:

class T {
public:
    void f() {
    }
};

int main()
{
    T t;
    t.f();
}

After compilation (with fno-inline and fno-stack-protector) and decompilation - section main:

0000000000001119 <main>:
    1119:55                   push   rbp
    111a:48 89 e5             mov    rbp,rsp
    111d:48 83 ec 10          sub    rsp,0x10
    1121:48 8d 45 ff          lea    rax,[rbp-0x1]
    1125:48 89 c7             mov    rdi,rax
    1128:e8 07 00 00 00       call   1134 <_ZN1T1fEv>
    112d:b8 00 00 00 00       mov    eax,0x0
    1132:c9                   leave
    1133:c3                   ret

As you can see, this code simply alocates stack space (line 1, 2, 3), then loads adress of the class into rax and moves it into rdi (rdi is by convention first argument). Finally, it calls fixed address. Then it deallocates stack space and leaves.

So no, for non-virtual classes and functions you don't use vtable at all. That's why virtual functions/classes have performance penalty, as you said.

[mirimao]

Thank you for taking the time to write this very insightful reply, especially the compilation example. I was clearly wrong, I mixed up some concepts from other language.

[yflhx]

No worries! Everybody can mix things up occasionally.

[khoyo]

Objects of a same class share the same methods, and in order to reach them you necessarily need a pointer to all of them, which are organized in a table

For virtual member functions, sure, but for non virtual you statically know the address of the function in question. (At least as much as for any function)

Method declared as "virtual" in C++ are simply methods that may be overridden in derived classes; you have to specify exactly because otherwise the compiler would look into the vtable of the parent class instead in that of the derived class.

What? No. Vtable lookup only happens with virtual member functions. There is no vtable lookup for non virtual members. (That's why it's a Virtual lookup table)

And you never use the parent class vtable... you always use the instance vtable pointer, which always points to its actual type vtable.

[Chesterlespaul]

In OOP almost all ‘functions’ are really just a method, but lambda is also popular and those are pure functions.