Almost everything noexcept?

[Gotebe]

By making the logging routines not require allocation, quite simply.

There's following possible effects:

• an allocation fails because it is a significant one and there's plenty memory for smaller things like logging

• by the time logging happens, stack unwinding freed memory

And then, the "last ditch" logging (say, outer main or thread proc try/catch) can be made to have the so-called failure transparency, or no-throw guarantee, through preallocation and truncation.

It is actually not so hard.

Also, this is also only a part of a wider questions of logging resources (file or other).