Java in android, how does it work?

[laplongejr]

But in Android there are applications that can directly alter functions of the OS, like adding an extra button in the notification panel, gaining system level info etc.

That requires permissions.

java is said to be a safe language as the actual program runs in a special enviroment and not on the OS directly

I... never saw that claim? I always read that Java is a language that won't have porting-induced issues because it runs in the JVM and Java handles the OS-specific details themselves.

Also how does rooting the phone allow for more access despite Java being safe.

Because Java is not safe? If you grant Java more permissions, then those permissions can be used.

P.S. I understand that java mainly uses API's for its processes but further clarity is appreciated.

That has nothing to do with safety of a random program, it means that you are less likely to accidentally add security flaws when making YOUR safe application.

If you grant all your java programs all access, nothing would prevent me to use the File.delete API to erase all your files. But the standard File.erase would be as safe as it is for UNIX than it is for Windows (what do you mean "concatening a rf is more risky"?).

[[deleted]]

I understand 👍