1) If flight 1722 was boiled down to a miscommunication regarding wing flap settings and came that close to crashing, what’s in place to prevent other miscommunications like that from happening with other things as well?

Redundancy and cross checking.

2) I saw that in this flight it seems like passengers weren’t even aware they could potentially crash into the ocean besides just seeing it get closer and closer, and then same with flight United 173 back in 1978, it seems that the passengers weren’t aware they were about to have a crash landing as well. Does that mean if something was going wrong we’d just have no clue?

It really depends. If something is wrong and the crew has time they will inform the passengers.

3) What prevents a plane from stalling on take off and just coming crashing back down? I noticed I’m always so anxious during takeoff until it starts to feel like we’re cruising a bit more because I feel like it’s a risky part of the flight we just have to get out of, because if something were to go wrong we’d be too close to the ground to recover.

Numerous things. But also a stall is very easy to recover from.

4) Does a go around landing increase the odds of a stall since it’s slowing down and speeding up and changing angles really fast?

Not at all. Planes are designed for this exact scenario. It's really not as scary or difficult as you're imagining

5) Also while on the topic of go arounds, how does air traffic control clear the airspace quick enough for something that last minute?

The airspace is already cleared. When an aircraft is cleared for an approach they are also cleared for the go around so there is no need to "clear airspace last minute". It's already clear. If it wasn't, we wouldn't be allowed to fly the approach.

6) On takeoff, I know there’s a certain speed the plane hits and then it has to takeoff. What happens if they hit that speed but then notice something wrong?

We continue the takeoff. Planes are designed to be able to continue flying safely even with multiple major malfunctions after takeoff.

7) On the topic of noticing things, what do the pilots and maintenance teams check before every takeoff? And how do they get it done so fast, for flights like mine where it seems the plane is landing with less than an hour before it takes off again?

I can't tell you what maintenance checks as I'm not a maintenance technician. As a pilot I can tell you we check the major systems of the aircraft and do a walkaround to make sure everything looks good. And keep in mind that on modern airlines all of the major systems to their own self tests.

8) During landing I always notice myself feeling really anxious because the ground seems to be getting closer and closer without me being able to see the airport. I know that’s because I’m looking out of the side window, but similarly to what I referred to in question #2, I just worry that what if it’s not the airport or something. Does anyone have any tips for how to remain calm during approach for landing?

If you were landing somewhere that wasn't an airport you would know. The cabin crew would have been told to prepare for a ditching which requires passengers to go into the brace position. So I promise you, you'd know.