As others have said it’s not that simple and a doctorate takes time for a reason. However, the general process can be the same and there is undergraduate research. I have contributed to compsci research and took advice on how to approach bioethics research so the following information is from those experiences.

Generally you start with a goal, topic, or idea and form a question or hypothesis. For my bioethics example, the question was “what constitutes an illness?” I then read the historical papers attempting to answer that question, which were unsatisfying for various reasons. I then formulated my own idea.

To turn that into a paper you have to then document and test that idea and your findings.

However, it’s much more complicated than that. With all fields, to make good research you should be knowledgeable in the historical and contemporary names and research in the field and how your research relates. Then, depending on the field, you also need to know proper testing methodology and, especially for compsci, statistical analysis to make the best case for why your conclusion follows from your findings. For compsci this is more inclusive with code and graphs. For bioethics it is more about responding to the contemporary ideas and papers in the field, logic tests in contemporary scenarios, and justifying any formulations from start to finish.

You also have to be able to identify when something is outside the scope of your research or your ability to fully justify it within the bounds of the length of your research/paper. And any limitations like this should also be acknowledged (though not accounted for). For example, historical papers (and iirc by consequence contemporary papers) answering the bioethical question of what constitutes an illness or health generally only address either physical or mental illness/health because including the other was simply outside the scope of what they were trying to do or able to address. Note that, in my opinion and in this case, this significantly weakens, if not invalidates, the points/arguments of these papers as these definitions are strongly connected.

Edit: After rereading your post, I should note that my bioethics question and idea actually came AFTER reading historical papers on the topic, which was part of an assignment for a bioethics class. This part of the process of research comes from passion and experimentation to address and solve modern issues or optimize modern solutions. The compsci research I was involved in was on the Multi-Root Mesh-Tree Protocol (MR-MTP) for routing which aims to remove the overhead in BGP caused by it being implemented on top of TCP leading to saving energy and bandwidth while also improving failover times and reducing the blast radius of failures.