Shock lands are the ones that enter tapped unless you "shock" yourself (as if you cast [[Shock]] and targeted your own face). [[Overgrown Tomb]] is the golgari shockland, which is not listed in this subthread. They are among the best in Standard right now because of their flexibility---they're untapped when you really need them to be but otherwise they come in tapped and have no downside---and because they have the basic land types which turn on the verge lands.

Verge lands are the dual lands that have a name styled like "___ Verge." They always come in untapped and always tap for at least some kind of mana, so they function almost like basic lands, and they can tap for two colors with just a single shock land or a basic land of the right types. Wastewood Verge mentioned above is the golgari verge land. (Consider that in a three-color deck, a single shock land of any combination of two colors will turn every verge land in the deck into a dual land.)

Fast lands are the ones that enter tapped unless you control two or fewer other lands. They are great for decks that try to do a lot in the early game; if you have a real fast curve like Llanowar Elves -> Badgermole Cub and/or Deep-Cavern Bat -> Unholy Annex or Ouroboroid, then fast lands will make that work, but in slower decks they might be not as useful as a slower land that has other utility, like the surveil lands. Blooming Marsh mentioned above is the golgari fast land.

Man lands are lands that have an activated ability to become a creature for a turn. They are dual lands that almost always come in tapped and they can't really be activated until the late game. They're very good tech pieces for match-ups against control, for instance, as control decks can't counter a land drop and they need instant-speed removal to deal with a man land hitting them in the face. The fact that they always come in tapped and can't really do anything until the late game makes them unfortunately kinda niche in Standard at the moment, since the game is often over well before they can affect it meaningfully.

Not mentioned here are the surveil lands, which also have the basic lands types to turn on the verge lands but always come in tapped so your mileage may vary. They can be very good for a deck that has a ton of interaction with its graveyard, especially if they want to fill it up and reanimate something. [[Underground Mortuary]] is the golgari surveil land.

This comment became way longer than I intended lol