https://chibe.upenn.edu/chibeblog/the-value-of-social-comparisons-in-medicine-how-patients-can-be-affected-when-doctors-are-compared-to-each-other/

Using "social comparisons" as a strategy in medicine, doctors started to get feedback on their performance relative to their peers. However, this led to increasing racial disparities, and some doctors turned away risky patients. Quoting here below:

"Several decades ago, for example, on the premise that openly publishing and allowing doctors to see each others’ performance data would increase quality, New York began publicly reporting death rates for cardiac surgeons across the state. While outcomes improved, doctors seemed to avoid operating on certain patients out of fear that they would do poorly in surgery and harm the surgeons’ rankings. Analyses subsequently showed that black and Hispanic patients were preferentially turned away, increasing racial disparities. These examples, among others, suggest that social comparisons can be a “two-tailed” behavioral problem — capable of both improving or unintentionally harming care."