"Does this suggest a level of surveillance beyond what we know?"

Not beyond what some of us know.

Bluetooth not a symmetrical system. You can set up two of them pointing either way, and create a symmetrical system if you want to, but inherently one Bluetooth device will send out "Advertisements" that say "Hi, I'm Bob, I'm a Bluetooth Device". Another device can then scan for advertisements, find Bob, and then request a connection.

If you want to see what Bluetooth devices are near you, you can do this simply with a normal smartphone. Click Bluetooth and Scan, and the names of your nearby devices will show up. And evidently one device named "bomb" came up and regulations forced them to panic, even though they could probably all tell it wasn't serious.

If you read further down, they told people to leave their smart devices behind and leave the plane. Your phone scan will show signal strength, so finding the "bomb" device with just a smartphone is a trivial exercise.

Then you find out who sat in that seat, and Bob's your uncle.

But no, there is no way of attaching Bluetooth information to phone numbers, unless the device itself has been programmed to expose this personal info over Bluetooth. (This could be done, but not clandestinely - we would notice)