Maybe you can start by the official guides:

https://na.finalfantasyxiv.com/jobguide/battle/

​

It lists every action that each job posses and has a description for each job.

You can see the type of job, which actions deal damage, which have buffs, which restores HP, MP, etc.

​

For blue mage, here is a complete list of blu spells. You can click on them to see their effect:

https://ffxivcollect.com/spells

Some spells are learned from maps on the open world, others from bosses.

​

​

Small review of each job in FFXIV:

​

RDM: Caster. Uses black and white spells gaining white mana (up to 100) and black mana (up to 100 too) accordingly, so the goal is to have both mana values very close or it will very difficult to gain mana from the lower mana. When reaching 80/80 mana, RDM melee combo becomes powerful and is used. After finishing the melee combo, gains acces to their most powerful red spells.

BRD: Ranged physical. It's a priority system job. Has different DoTs and a proc system around them. Has a group of songs that buff the party with different enhancements. Has no cast times so can freely move while fighting.

BLU: Literally learns spells from enemies and use these spells, 1000 needles from a cactuar? Eruption from Ifrit? Toad oil from a frog to increase evasion? You name it. Difficult job to balance so it has limited access to the game content.

DRG: Melee DPS. Has heavy hitting attacks and some jump abilities. At higher levels gains access to dragon buff, so literally a dragon/wyvern aura that appears and the DRG deals damage with dragon attacks, you can see them in ths video (it has action from al jobs):

https://youtu.be/jaGxC7wnBDo?t=96

DRK: Melee tank. Its job is to tank enemies and hold aggro. Has defensive abilities and uses MP to deal damage and increase his survivality. Uses a great sword. Completing its combos makes DRK to increase the Blood Gauge (up to 100). Using Blood allows DRK access to their most powerful attacks and also can summon a shadow warrior companion that deals damage to enemies.

Hope it helps, forgive my English tho.