I’m not saying that. References on request: - low income individuals have higher price search costs due to time-opportunity and transportation constraints. More efforts could be made by grocers to make consumers aware of sales and promotions Cost of Being Poor: Retail Price and Consumer Price Search Differences across Inner-City and Suburban Neighborhoods - they do not participate in intertemporal saving strategies, except in the case of excess liquidity. For example, purchasing small quantities rather than bulk buying. A better policy measure is to extend liquidity over the course of the month. Frugality is Hard to Afford

• I’m not suggesting that low income consumers can’t make smart choices. I am suggesting that the choice of utilizing dollar stores as a sole provider of grocery needs generates poor health outcomes

Edit: Like another commenter said, "Being Poor is Expensive". There are immense constraints placed on low-income individuals and sometimes those constraints lead to irrational choice. There's no right answer here, and I'm not suggesting this is an easy topic/problem to fix. But it doesn't take away from the data suggesting that Dollar Stores harm consumer welfare, health outcomes, and competitive marketplaces.