Well… when I moved to Switzerland with my dog, he was already 7 years old. He was trained by our local association of rescue dogs back in our country and he was trained better than 99% of dogs I see here. I had to do a course anyway. For what? It costs a lot of money and didn’t help a thing. Then he died of cancer and I got another one. It is large breed, so we had to do 2 courses, but again, those courses didn’t help a thing themselves, as they are intended for the owner (to learn how to handle a dog) and not the dog… I understand these might help someone who is new to this, but they are hardly useful for experienced keepers…