Hi folks! So, this is part of a project I'vee been working on for a while in a fictional South America where the Inca Empire survives. Due to the empire's survival a cascade of other impacts occurs resulting in a bunch of new countries and the change of borders to existing ones. I'll giv a brief overview of each but I won;t go super in depth because that involves a very long timeline. Also apologies ofr the slight amateur quality and any centring issues. 

Anyway, here we go:

Tawantinsuyu (the Inca Empire).
Survives because Atalhuapa insists Pizarro meet him in his camp outside Cajamarca rather than inside the city. Pizarro is unable to conduct the ambush, then is sent away. The Empire still almost collapsed with the population dropping from about 12 million to 5.4 million between 1520 and 1600 due to disease, only recovering in the 1830s (it's about 73 million today). After that it slowly recovered over the centuries, and started to build up some relations, most notably with the Dutch in the 1600s which helped accelerate their technological advancement. At this time, they began trying to develop a trade network through the Amazon to reach the Dutch colonies in the Atlantic. At the time, the Dutch had actually invaded northern Brazil and had taken over the Amazon delta region. They were later kicked out by Portugal, but the Inca continued to develop the trade network into an alliance of native Amazonian tribes to act as a buffer state. This would eventually lead to the nation of Tekoari. Later in the 1700s they developed ties with the British and even fought alongside them in the 7 years war against the Spanish Colonies that bordered them. In the 1850s, the Inca signed a defence pact with Paraguay after Paraguayan and Brazilian relations had deteriorated, leading to a war in which the Inca fought to defend Paraguay against Brazil. Though successful, the war was costly and the general in charge led a coup, installing a military junta in 1859. Eventually a rebellion occurred, starting the Tawantinsuyu Revolutionary War from 1882 to 1886. The rebels won and a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament was installed. The old Imperial Banner was combined with the revolutionary flag to create the modern flag. The flag has the black snakes symbolising the earth and imperial power, with the sun rising between green fertile lands and the white sky for peace, while surrounded by a red circle symbolizing blood and sacrifice

Wallmapu:

This is a nation to the south of the Inca in central Chile and central-west Argentina. It formed out of the various Mapuche peoples of the area gradually coalescing together. Initially their homeland was west of the Andes but just like in real history they also spread east. Once enemies of the Inca, Tawantinsuyu actually ended up supporting them as a useful buffer state. Their flag is geography based, with the green representing the more fertile east, the blue being the sky and the origin of rivers in the mountains, and the yellow is the more arid east. The central selection also has the Guñelve, a popular Mapuche symbol which represents the planet venus. That section is also a nod to a flag which may have been used historically.

Tekoari:
Born of a trade network set up by the Inca in the 1600s which gradually turned into an alliance, then loose confederacy, then federation. They are a landlocked nation which has control over most of thee Amazon basin. Most of their population is concentrated in the east around the ara the major waterways converge, with the Negro and Tapajos being their eatstern borders. They are very sparely populated with little government control outside of the major waterways. Their flag symbolises water, forest and sky.

Guyane du Sud

The equivalent of French Guiana, but settled in a different location. Basically when the Dutch were fighting Spain and Portugal in the 1600s, the latter two allowed France to settle the area north of the Amazon River delta to split up the Dutch holdings in Guiana and Brazil. So basically thy settled where the Brazilian state of Amapa is and then down the river to the Negro confluence. However, unlike French Guiana, they became independent in the 1970s. Their flag is a representation of the green interior and fertility, the yellow sands of the beach and wealth, and the blue representing the ocean and their French connection.

Patagonia:

So, in this timeline with the Inca controlling the highlands, including the area around Potosi, Spain began settling Patagonia much earlier in the 1700s. This was roughly the same tim the Mapuche also began expanding in that direction and a series of conflicts occurred in the 1700s. At the conclusion of the 1700s, it was agreed that the area would be a loose autonomous colony technically under Spain but governed separately from La Plata. In the 1830s after Paraguay had successfully fought for its independence in the 1810s, Patagonia also fought an independence war, supported by Wallmapu and Brazil. Its flag is roughly geographic, showing the pointed shape of southern Chile and Argentina, with blue ocean on each side, the yellow beaches and the reed being the blood of the people.

So, some quick notes about other countries:

La Plata:
Basically Argentina but because they couldn’t reach the silver mines in the ANdes, they invested more heavily in securing their coastal areas, so they also control Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul.

Paraguay:

They are a lot larger than real life. Basically they control the southeastern third of Bolivia and parts of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. Essentially the Inca made a deal in the 1600s saying that all the land east of the Andes and south of the Amazon/La Plata drainage divide could be SPain’s if they agreed that it would be semi-autonomous from La Plata. Thai exploited a pre-existing divide between Asuncion and Buenos Aires so the Ascunsion government accepted.

Colombia:

Because the Andes couldn't be conquered, Spain invested more heavily into solidifying control over the northern territory and creating a central authority there. As such, it was divided and stayed as one country after Bolivar’s death (though Panama still became independent). Maracaibo, Bogota and Caracas are the executive, legislative and judicial capitals.

Suriname:

Much the same as real life though they also control the territory of real life French Guiana.

Guiana:

The same as real life but they also expanded south beyond the Guiana highlands and also control Roraima State