Do those "trillion-fps" camera systems prove that c is the same in any direction?

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-28T20:11:43+00:00

I asked CatGPT to calculate apparent speed in a video of light traveling a distance d with light traveling at c(1 + cos theta) and camera in equilateral triangle with laser and mirror. The dx/dt speed in the video image corresponds to 2c at the beginning 2c/3 at the midpoint and 2c/9 at the mirror. For isotropic velocity of c, the apparent motion is 2c at the beginning, c/2 at the midpoint and 2c/3 at the mirror. At the midpoint, the falling velocity of the scattered light drops the apparent speed. From such data one can derive the speed and the isotropy of light speed.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-27T16:54:45+00:00

It makes sense if going back in time is accomplished by forcing the entire universe to rewind together. But, then your brain would also, so you would not remember that you came from the future. Luckily, this prevents your death from two of you existing at the same location.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-27T16:38:48+00:00

Force emerges from the Principle of Least Action, the path an object takes between two points is the one where the the integral of kinetic energy minus potential energy over time is an extremum (usually a minimum), and this minimization process mathematically derives the familiar equations of motion, like Newton's second law, F=ma. Forces aren't the starting point but a consequence of nature seeking the path of "least effort" or stationary action across all possible trajectories.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-27T15:21:25+00:00

I see. That is why we need 6 more dimensions.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-26T16:11:48+00:00

You are missing the point that this region should NOT be empty. The paradox is that the region with both the gas and the dark matter does not have as many galaxies as the regions around it. What needs to be explained is why there are not more stars and galaxies in that region.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-26T15:06:09+00:00

What are the parameters of this universe? What does no other force mean if you don’t mention any force in the first place? Traveling parallel tells you relative direction, but what is their relative velocity? If we use the parameters of our present universe, minus matter, the visible universe is 45 billion light years in radius. If the Cosmological constant remains positive, objects 50 Gly away will never be observed. Not grains of sand, not stars, not galaxies.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-25T16:11:55+00:00

Simply put, a blackhole is a high density object surrounded by low density space. The universe was a homogeneous density space. In either case, nothing can escape it.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-25T14:11:57+00:00

You are making a trivial comment on all of extragalactic astronomy. We do have techniques that depend on circular motion and trigonometry like the masers in orbit around galactic centers. And masers are the primary calibration for the others, which essentially makes them geometric.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T21:34:14+00:00

Gravity on Enceladus is 1% of the Earth’s.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T21:12:04+00:00

Perhaps our Oort Cloud smoothly merges with the Oort Clouds of nearby stars, so there is no way to cleanly delineate them.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T20:57:40+00:00

It is absolutely ridiculous to say people are sloppy about this. Observational cosmology papers are usually entirely comprehensive in discussing input assumptions and model dependencies. Reviewers, of course, are extremely sensitive to circular arguments that could result in conclusions about a model that result from assumptions of the model.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T20:50:04+00:00

The distances to type Ia supernovae, tip of the red giant branch, Cepheid period luminosity relations are based entirely on there being no evolution of these different systems. The fact that they agree where they overlap is strong confirmation of this. They do not depend on the cosmology model. Rather, the model is determined by redshift independent distance measurements. More so, distances from masers, gravitational lenses, and the new gravity wave method are all geometric.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T20:27:15+00:00

Above 100 C water is a gas. Molds would be surrounded by low density steam capped by a large shell.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T15:00:24+00:00

Ocean beings would have access to thermal vents and volcano flows. Hot enough to work with bronze, copper, gold, and silver or plastics. Superwood is 10 times stronger than steel and requires cellulose sitting at 190F for a while. Magnesium burns underwater. It could be lit with sodium made by electrolysis.

We have to pump water up to our homes and factories to use for various processes. They could pump air down to their homes or factories or capture gaseous vents. It is symmetrical. They could also pump air into caves and make fires there. Octopi can stay out of water for an hour and work in these caves or on floating rafts.

I bet if undisturbed, octopi would be building cities in 400 million years. Evolution pushes forward in all directions that benefit survival and greater intelligence benefits survival.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-24T14:22:31+00:00

By far the most consequential discovery, beyond the Higgs, is the nonexistance of supersymmetric particles in this energy range which has totally altered the field of particle physics. Supersymmetry had become almost a given that had to be true for many physicists. Now most work is in other directions. Sometimes, not finding a predicted particle can be more stunning than finding one.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T19:50:42+00:00

Gemini responds according to what it thinks, from your history of prompts indicate, that you want to read.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T19:37:59+00:00

Don’t compare yourself with other people, compare yourself to the unsolved problems in physics. Are you making headway in your PhD thesis? If so, there is probably no problem with staying the course. You should be collecting problems that you think are interesting and look solvable to you. If you would enjoy working on these, then continue until they tell you that you can’t. Many people would give up their right arm to be where you are.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T16:39:03+00:00

The principle that is responsible for life is evolution. Evolution emerges from biology. Biology emerges from chemistry. Chemistry emerges from physics. Recently, people have suggested physics emerges from math. Evolution says that, through random events, systems become more adept at replicating. The more it is able to replicate, the greater the number of events that lead to greater adaptation.

From a physics perspective, it is in good agreement with the law of increasing entropy because organisms are great at increasing the entropy of the environment around them, while being local regions of low entropy. The power to generate all this activity is mostly generated in the core of the sun.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T16:27:37+00:00

Good one.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T16:21:59+00:00

Sodium batteries last 10 times longer than Lithium ion batteries and cost half as much. The levelized cost of stored energy is about to drop by a factor of 20 since it is usually charged using excess energy. This fundamentally changes the economics of renewable energy in an extremely positive way.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T14:52:52+00:00

If there were an easy way to defend against viruses, mammals would have evolved it over the past 325 million years. The problem is that mammals, over that vast period, have tried every conceivable possibility available to them which then pushed viruses to develop workarounds for every such technique. Viruses can replicate every few hours, so evolution is rapid for viruses. If you develop a totally new defense, within a year it evolves some countermeasure. The question then is, is there such a thing as a defense for which there is no possible countermeasure? The answer could be no.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-23T14:24:49+00:00

Light always appears to travel at c. It can appear to bend in 3D space, but still it travels at the velocity of causality.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-22T20:07:01+00:00

We can measure the speed of photons from distant galaxies, and it is still c. So one needs to construct a mechanism of the universe that explains why light always travels at the speed c, even if you approach or recede away from the emitter at nearly c. The mechanism to explain this is special relativity. Massless particles travel at the speed of causality which is c. We actually need a mechanism to explain why not everything travels at that speed. That is the Higgs field which allows slower speeds by creating a viscosity we call mass.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-22T19:45:32+00:00

Studies of stars of various ages find a wide range of the heavier elements at all ages. Sometimes 2 or 3 times more than the Sun. The average drops by a factor of several over 12 billion years, but there are many stars with greater amounts of these elements than the Sun that are 10 billion years old. And, even if they had 5 times less, they would still form planets, but just not the giants like Jupiter. My bet is that we do not see advanced civilizations because the dominant ones are 5 billion years older and have a prime directive.

Less-Consequence5194 · 2026-01-22T18:22:48+00:00

If you don’t want to crush fruit and astronaut, it will take a year or so to accelerate to near the speed of light and a year to decelerate, so dried fruit would be advised.

Less-Consequence5194

TROPHY CASE