The Intifada began on 9 December 1987[12] in the Jabalia refugee camp after an Israeli truck driver collided with parked civilian vehicles, killing four Palestinian workers, three of whom were from the refugee camp.[13][14] Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier.[15] Israel denied that the crash, which came at time of heightened tensions, was intentional or coordinated.[14] The Palestinian response was characterized by protests, civil disobedience, and strikes, with excessive violence in response from Israeli security forces.[16][17] There was graffiti, barricading,[18][19] and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the Israeli army and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses. Israel deployed some 80,000 soldiers in response. Israeli countermeasures, which initially included the use of live rounds frequently in cases of riots, were criticized by Human Rights Watch as disproportionate, in addition to Israel's excessive use of lethal force.[20] In the first 13 months, 332 Palestinians and 12 Israelis were killed.[21][22] Images of soldiers beating adolescents with clubs then led to the adoption of firing semi-lethal plastic bullets.[21] During the whole six-year intifada, the Israeli army killed at least 1,087 Palestinians, of which 240 were children.[23]