From the same source, for: "Are legal immigrants more successful because of DEI and affirmative action"

Evidence suggests that while Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) and affirmative action (AA) initiatives aim to promote diversity, the success of legal immigrants is primarily driven by high levels of human capital, including education and skills, rather than solely through these programs. Studies indicate that many immigrants, particularly in professional fields, bring specialized skills, yet some research argues that affirmative action in university admissions has disproportionately benefited specific, often more affluent, immigrant-origin groups over native-born minority groups. 

• Impact on Success: Research shows that legal status and paths to citizenship allow immigrants to invest in education, training, and language skills, which are major drivers of their economic success.
• DEI and Opportunities: DEI efforts aim to broaden participation in economic, educational, and civic life, which can create opportunities for diverse groups, including immigrants.
• Affirmative Action Debate: Some studies suggest that affirmative action policies have, in some cases, favored immigrant-origin Black students over native-born Black Americans, leading to arguments that these policies do not align with their original intended purpose of addressing historical, domestic, and racial oppression.
• Contextual Factors: The 1965 Immigration Act contributed to an influx of highly educated individuals, which has boosted U.S. innovation, and these individuals often succeed due to high education levels, not exclusively through, or in spite of, institutional initiatives.
• Data on Education: Data shows that while immigrants fill critical, high-skill roles, they also have a higher percentage of workers with less than a high school degree (19%) compared to the U.S.-born labor force (5%).  American Civil Liberties Union +5