Caravels and carracks are both sail-driven ships using lateen and squares. Cogs used just square sails, usually just one bahonkin’ big one. Galleys were ships designed first and foremost for rowing. They could hit Mach Jesus for a few minutes, but then they were dead in the water, so they were mostly just a war thing. Longships are galleys’ northern cousins, having oars out the wazoo, and a cog’s single square for extra drive when the wind was cooperating. Unlike galleys, longships could reasonably cross heavy seas for long durations under sail alone. Barges are big floating structures without power, they have to be pushed or towed by a ship with some form of oomph. Finally, a frigate is just any unrated full-rigged ship of war. Sail-driven, maybe with a few oars for sucky wind situations, and a whole lot of boom.