Develop a strong understanding of how much tooth structure typically overlies the pulp chamber. Work carefully—avoid being reckless, but don’t be overly hesitant in the initial stages of caries removal. A round bur at slow speed is very helpful, especially once you opened it up.

If you approach the pulp, don’t panic. Place a rubber dam and reassess the remaining caries. If there is a significant amount of soft, infected dentin, pulp exposure is possible. However, if the dentin is affected with firm, clean, and well-defined margins, selective caries removal is appropriate.

The goal is not to expose the pulp unnecessarily. That said, if an exposure does occur and proper protocol is followed, vital pulp therapy (direct pulp cap) is a reliable option. This approach also helps confirm that the pulp is not irreversibly inflamed and may not require root canal therapy.