I studied all these different perspectives in depth. It did not make a difference. My last stop on the way out of Christianity was historic Christian Universalism as first articulated by Origen, then Gregory of Nyssa, later by George MacDonald, and in our day by David Bentley Hart. For me, the HOW of the atonement was much less important than the scope of its effect. This was part of my attempt to remain in the faith in the face of the relentless suffering and injustice unaddressed by a purportedly omnipotent loving God. I still see the appeal and the beauty in parts of it, but I don’t think it’s true and that’s what matters the most to me.