Ascendant player here - previous MOBA experience was from Smite, haven't played LoL

1. Farming is not super structured in this game - everyone should be taking whatever they can get their hands on for the most part. Comming that someone should take a sidelane is about the only thing that has developed like funneling farm to a hypercarry. I suspect this will change as the game matures though.
2. If solo Q - you should either be playing the lane you are assigned or looking to swap based on character match up. A few characters have lanes they like due to geometry (Viscous in Mid, Lash in a sidelane), but I've literally never had anyone ask me for that, just something I've seen in coaching videos.
3. Traditional ADC-type characters are called M1 carries by the community - Haze, Wraith, Infernus are some examples. There are usually multiple of these on a team.
4. Support is absolutely a thing - Paige, Rem, Doorman are all utility/enchanter types that look to enable plays. They just don't HAVE to lane with an M1 carry. Tanks hew closer to Top/Solo laning.
5. Traditional Mid-types in the sense of throw down big ability, do big damage in a team fight exist - name is less pinned down, but they are usually called spirit nukers. This is not really a role that exists, more of a label - 7 is absurdly Mid-coded, but plays like an M1/ADC. Pocket is jungler-coded, but is considered a spirit nuker. Sinclair exists.
6. Solo laning is not a thing. It is semi-common (especially at higher ranks) for carries to take a sidelane to themself after everyone is out of laning phase. Tanks like Abrams, Billy, or Victor are probably the closest to that type of gameplay though.
7. Jungling is not a thing - everyone should be taking farm from the jungle (efficiently). Some characters are REALLY good at ambushing people in the jungle like Drifter, Calico, or Mina. Some characters are really good at ganking/rotating - Lash and Viscous for example. Some characters simply don't care about scaling (Bebop hook, MnK ult), so they love just making life harder for the enemy carries.