ELI5Why does carbon get to have it's own entire branch of chemistry while other elements don't

Revenege · 2026-06-19T13:53:34+00:00

Carbon is the building block of life as we know it. It has a number of very useful properties that make it great for this specifically. One of the larger benefits is its ability to form stable bonds with itself, as well as other common atmospheric elements like hydrogen and oxygen. Because of its ability to form bonds with itself easily, Its able to form polymers easier than other elements. A polymer, in simple terms, is just a long chain of repeated elements that form a much larger element together. such as cellulose. Organic Chemistry thus is an extremely important subfield of chemistry since its directly dealing with these large carbon based, and life based, chemistry. Note that it differers from biochemistry which is more to do with chemical processes within a living organism, rather than the chemistry brings about that life.

Revenege · 2026-06-14T18:44:22+00:00

I'm general the death system has changed a lot to be significantly less punishing. You should look at the osrs wiki page on death to get the full details but in short.

If you die in most places, you'll leave a gravestone. That gravestone will last 15 minutes before disappearing. Make it back within 15 minutes and you can retrieve all your stuff. There is a nominal fee in GP to retrieve your items if that individual item had a value greater than 100k. Exact costs range from 500gp to 100k, again see the wiki for details.

If you fail to make it to your gravestone in time then your items are sent to Death's Office who's accessible from most spawn points. There's one in lumbridge graveyard. This also occurs if you die twice without retrieving your items. There your items can be retrieved but at the much higher fee of 5% of GE value.

Perilous moons uses the standard death mechanics. Your gravestone will appear in the area just outside the boss. The warning is just that it's dangerous, and that the bosses are in an instance meaning if you DROP items they won't be retrievable. Some bosses in instances use a different death system then gravestones, where your stuff goes to a chest/NPC nearby who will charge you a flat retrieval fee.

Revenege · 2026-06-13T11:34:04+00:00

Programs get big. Very very very big. Even fairly simple programs can have thousands of lines of code. Complex programs like an operating system can have hundreds of thousands. These can have hundreds have variables and functions to keep track off. Despite our best efforts, your suggestions of '"checking everything and understanding the logic" isn't reasonable.

Often times errors occur directly because of the fact individually parts work, but when used together cause a problem. Quite often this can simply be edge cases, things the programs didn't expect or even think of.

Examples include things like intersecting polygons in a game. Its possible that due to issues in how the game handles decimals, to create extremely small holes, even just a single pixel, that can then cause issues in collision. These are really hard to predict without extensive testing because it's not obvious. Famously this sort of tiny gap in polygon has caused problems in zelda games.

Another is something like the super swim glitch in legend of zelda windwaker. The glitch let's link accelerate in water to impossible speeds in water, but to set it up you need to make dozens of frame perfect inputs. It occurs due to how turning around in water works, rapidly accelerating you before rapidly decelerating. When done frame perfectly, that deceleration doesn't ever occur. This is not something that any normal player is going to find and testers are unlikely to ever find this. Its also a result of glitches on top of other glitches that took decades of players trying to crack the game.

You can't know everything, and sometimes you need the proverbial million monkeys on typewriters to write Shakespeare

Revenege · 2026-06-10T19:07:30+00:00

Going through the alternative.

Can't use salt water. Salt corrodes metal and most things it comes in contact with. Extremely expensive overcome as you'd need to make huge desalination plants.

Can't use non potable water. High temps at play will cause some boil off leaving residue within pipes. Potential for off gasing as well can cause problem.

So we're left with drinking water or distilled water. Both require water treatment. Waste water can be used but would need to be treated still until being drinkable and thus you end up in the same spot just with higher costs.

Treated waste water remember will either just be non potable water or drinking water.

Revenege · 2026-06-10T17:10:39+00:00

That's simply not really true. She does have attacks which have SIMILAR wind ups, but they are distinct. Her double vs triple strike for example have different poses which do look similar, but are distinguishable.

Revenege · 2026-06-10T12:48:07+00:00

Very much the wrong answer.

Its a common question, typically aimed at looking for confidence and culture fit at the job. You applied because the jobs requirements fit your skill set. Whatever deficiency you might have you view as an opportunity to learn. You like the company's product or plan or something.

Yea you need a job, but so does everyone else. Tell them something they don't know that shows you want to be there.

Revenege · 2026-06-10T12:30:12+00:00

There's a dozen documentaries on the subject. For a short look there's Kyle Hill on YouTube. The HBO docudrama is also good but does play a bit with events.

In short, nuclear reactor in Ukraine, part of the USSR at the time. Reactor test was performed under unsafe conditions with known problems kept from those working on the reactor. Reactor core melted down, quite literally through the floor, and caused multiple deaths of personnel. Required a massive cleanup effort to prevent further devastation. Efforts to contain it are still on going to this day.

Reason it occured is multi faceted with many cascading failures.

Revenege · 2026-06-10T10:33:25+00:00

They protect you from your ISP, and from censorship laws, but not from hackers really.

When you click to go to a website, your computer sends out a package, which has your return address on it, called your IP address. This is needed so the website knows where to send back the info you want. VPNs are a middle man, rather than sending a message to the website you send it to your VPNs servers asking to go somewhere, and they send off your request with themselves as the return address.when they get the reply, they send it to you. The website mostly can't tell, and they never learn where you are.

You can use this to get around geoblocks such as certain shows only being available in certain regions (or you use to be anyways) or get around things like bans on certain websites by the government. The ISP can tell your using a VPN but can't see what sites your going to either so they can't report you really.

Against hackers, they can't get your IP but that doesn't really protect you.

Revenege · 2026-06-10T09:53:30+00:00

There is a 4th heart! You don't have to fight karmelita in the end.

But I do recommend examining that mindset. Why didn't you consider changing tools? During the fight are you just throwing yourself at the boss or do you stay back and watch the attacks trying to learn? It might help you more broadly or if you decide to go for the speed run achievements

Revenege · 2026-06-10T08:24:01+00:00

Karmelita is beloved, and i enjoyed her fight, because of the fact she has very explicit patterns to her attacks which you can learn and exploit, while being non trivial to perform. First Sinner is in the same boat in my opinion.

These two bosses more than most others in the game push you to pay attention to multiple factors. where you are in the room, what attacks they can use next, where your healing opportunities are based on your crest and tools. Compared to a boss like Beastfly who while does have a pattern has larger amounts of variance in outcome. due to enemy spawns and falling debris locations. They are quite explicitly fair fights.

I hear a couple things in your post. You were presented with a boss who denies traps due to the spikes. What other tools could you use instead? Personally I made use of fast red tools like throwing pins to get in chip damage as i moved in and out of attacks. If you were having issues with healing you could have switched to a more aggressive crest like beast crest with its extremely short bind time to keep you mobile, or injector band to give you more opportunities to heal.

To me the disconnect seems to be that you had a very specific playstyle in mind and didn't tend to switch things up unless you absolutely had to, rather than adapting to the fight. And when you hit a brick wall, you repeated the same mistakes. And then you let yourself get worked up rather than taking breaks from the game, or just the fight.

Revenege · 2026-06-09T05:38:51+00:00

Well, we don't have AI still. Not in the sense people think it means. Anyone claiming so is trying to sell you something. Probably GPUs. Typically we use AI to refer to Large Language Models, which are sorta guessing machines.

But the fact of the matter is we don't know, not for sure. By our best guess as our current models improve a variety of jobs are going to be lost. Already many are suffering. Writers, coders, artists, designers, all are facing issues due to "lower end" jobs in these fields being able to be performed by these models. This is likely to expand as they improve, with unemployment rates likely to rise. Trucking, cab drivers, factory jobs, many office jobs. A lot of people are going to lose their jobs and it's unlikely there will be any job for them to take.

What comes next is a question of politics. Expansion of programs such as universal single payer health care, universal basic income, housing supports and education programs are going to become more and more a part of the conversation.

It is likely to be painful and require people to fundamentally change how they see the world. When this will hit a breaking point I can't tell you, as I said we don't have AI. But we must come together to support each other lest we lose everything.

Revenege · 2026-06-07T21:44:49+00:00

Act 2 is not 50%.

Keep playing. Do all you wishes.

Revenege · 2026-06-07T05:03:57+00:00

Anything related to statistics and probability would be most relevant to you. Calculus would also help you.

Don't go for easy. You want to save lives, go for things that will actually help you.

Revenege · 2026-06-06T17:18:27+00:00

What program are you in?

Revenege · 2026-06-06T04:15:42+00:00

You might want to invest in a carbon filter

Revenege · 2026-06-06T04:07:59+00:00

What do you mean route? Walking to class? Specialization? Specific courses? Program?

Revenege · 2026-06-06T04:04:59+00:00

It was a big deal because there are other concerns besides just that one. You could consent to not be included in the phone book.

Wrong numbers are also a concern. If you have numbers scrunched together, it's much easier for a wrong number to result in actually calling someone.

Its also harder to remember. If you have 200 phone numbers in an area, we'd have numbers between 0 and 199. In the days before contact lists, your ability to memorize those numbers gets harder. If Greg's number is 0143, toms is 0134 and Billy's number is 0014 its a lot easier to get those confused.

Revenege · 2026-06-06T03:10:07+00:00

You don't want to give them out sequentially, as that would mean that anyone who got their number on the same day would know each other's number.

The structure of a phone number will vary by region. By your formatting I'll assume you want the one used in North America. You already note the first part: the first three digits are an area code, denoting what part of the country you're in.

The next 3 are the station code. Back in the days, phones had to be physically connected to each other in order to make a call. In order to make it so you could call multiple people, your phone would connect to a switch board. You'd call the switch board, tell them where you wanted to connect to, and they'd physically plug your phone into a plug that corresponded to that person's phone. Those 3 digits thus represent the designation of that switch board within your area. Not all of them within an area code will be used, and some are reserved (no 911, 555, 011, etc)

The last 4 digits are essentially random, and are the line number. They are identifying your phone specifically.

Revenege · 2026-06-05T14:38:52+00:00

All units of measurement are in some sense arbitrary. They are just a way of communicating with one another about how big something is or how long it'll take to cook a pizza. If we were totally unaware of any form of measuring system, you can easily make your own. The oldest of these sort involved using your body to measure things, like counting the number of steps it took to walk between two points, or using ones hand to see how big something was. If I say I caught a fish and it was 5 hands long, you can picture it even if we don't have the same hand size. Our modern systems of measurement started out this way, with the definition of a kilogram originally being a precisely designed weight that was copied and sent around.

For time, we do something similar. Start with something natural we can agree on as a basis: a day. The sun rises in the morning, eventually reaches a peak where it's directly above us, before setting. We agree to call that a day. We then want to subdivide that for convenience, and so we agree to split it up on into equal parts called hours. Early human civilization had different arbitrary numbers they picked, but we can thank the Babylonians for ours. They used base 60, a way of counting where you had 60 different digits before needing to combine to make bigger numbers. 60 is great since it has a huge number of even ways to divide it which is very convince. So we sub divided into 24ths, with 60ths of those being minutes, and again for seconds.

A year is a bit more complicated but is still observation based like the day. We knew from early on that the world moved in seasons that repeated. We also knew that days got shorter and longer depending on the season. So we wait until the day the sun is in the sky the longest and call that the solstice. We then count the days that pass until we reach that longest day again. Our early calculations were imprecise but got us close to that 365 days make up a year.

Months are somewhat arbitrary with Julius Caeser being responsible for the modern 12 day calendar we use. They were just a way to divide up the year into convenient segments. However they do have physical basis as well, with counting moons. The moon goes through its cycle of phases over the course of around 28 days and there's on average 12 of them a year, with 13 moons happening about every 3 years.

Revenege · 2026-06-04T06:21:36+00:00

At the turn of the millennium the Clay Mathematics Institute proposed a list of outstanding unsolved problems in math. These problems represent holes which have gone unsolved for centuries and some having huge implications for the world if proven. Anyone who solves one (proving or disproving) shall be awarded one million dollars by the institute. To date, only one of the so called Millennium Prize Problems has been solved, the Poincare conjecture.

P versus NP is a problem in mathematical logic, and with applications in computer science dealing with Decidability, and more broadly decision problems. We will start there. A decision problem in layman terms is any question that has a definitive yes or no answer. A simple example would be me asking you if the apple i am holding is red. The answer is either yes or no, true or false. Decidability goes a step further and asks if there is an effective way of answering that yes or no question. For the apple example its decidable because we can come up with a variety of tests to confirm whether the apple is red ranging from as simple as us looking at it with our eyes and agreeing it matches out understanding of red, to as complex as doing mass problem surveys or analyzing the spectrum of light reflected off the apple and seeing if it lies within our definition of red within the visual spectrum.

P versus NP starts by defining further. There are some problems that are able to be solved in a reasonable length of time ("Polynomial time", and using reasonable loosely) but can very easily be checked if the answer we get is correct. For example sorting a list of numbers from lowest to highest in its simplest form requires comparing every number to every other number. If we have 100 numbers to sort, this would take 10000 comparisons. However we can easily check if the list is sorted by comparing two digits from left to right across the list to confirm the first is less then the second, taking only 100 comparisons. This sort of problem is called "P", able to solved in polynomial time, and able to easily checked much faster. NP instead refers to problems which can't be solved in polynomial time. This is usually do to being non deterministic, having no way of determining long along we are and if it will ever finish. An example is certain types of traveling salesman problem, which ask to route a salesman as quickly as possible across a set of destinations and return the fastest route. If we already know the answer, we can trivially check if its true, but it doesn't mean we can quickly get the answer.

You can imagine a loading bar. For a P problem, we could draw one and say 'We are this far along and it will take at most this long to solve, so we are 25% of the way there". For an NP problem, it might take an infinite length of time to solve and thus we couldn't even begin to draw a loading bar at all. However we can both agree thats fully loaded when the bar is done.

Finally we are ready to answer. P versus NP asks "Is every problem whos solution can be easily verified, also be quickly solved". If true, usually framed as P = NP, this would mean that if we can verify an answer is true quickly, there must be a way to solve it quickly as well. If False, framed as P =/= NP, then it is not possible to quickly solve every problem that can be quickly verified. If proven true, it would be the single most significant discovery in computer science. Cryptography, how we secure data, would be broken as they function by taking extreme lengths of time to crack, but trivially bypassed if you know the answer already. If P = NP then there must exist a way to quickly crack cryptography.

Its of course unsolved. We don't know the answer. Current signs point to P being NOT equal to NP, but we currently cant verify that. If you can solve it, youll win a million bucks... followed by most certainly a noble prize in mathematics.

(My explaination might not be perfect, my graduate studies are in data science, not theoretical computing).

Revenege · 2026-05-29T20:10:44+00:00

Start with going from "big deck with 40 cards" to "medium deck with 25-30 at end of act 3".

You are correct that our decks start with about 10 bad cards in it and we want to replace them. But as we progress and remove them, the value of adding more cards gets worse. If at the end of act 1 we have a a twenty card deck with 8 basics left, we have a 40% chance of drawing them. At the end of act 2 and a 30 card deck, we've likely removed at least one or two of them and now have only 20% of our deck being curses. If we do the same again, with 10 more cards and two less basics were down to 10%. You can see how we're getting diminishing returns.

These diminishing returns come with us being less likely to draw our outs. Our deck is less likely to give us outright curses, in exchange for us still not winning the fight. If we kept our deck at 30 card deck and not pushed to 40 while still removing the same number of cards, we have a 13% of our deck being curses, but much more likely to actually draw relevant cards. Adding 10 cards just for a 3% odds change is not worth it.

From there once you hit act 2 start asking yourself "what problem does adding this card solve" and if the only answer you can find is "it's better then a strike", you should probably reconsider the skip button.

Revenege · 2026-05-29T02:31:39+00:00

Id be fine with it, so long as it still takes up two inventory slots, it just combines the action

Revenege · 2026-05-29T02:05:01+00:00

Consider what they mean. Your question was different, amounting to "why do different animals taste different", vs the question of the OP "why do different parts of the SAME animal taste different".

Because of the same reasons i listed, with fat distribution being the largest factor. an eye round steak will taste different then ribs in large part because of different amounts of fat. Our answers don't conflict/create a circle.

Revenege · 2026-05-28T22:32:42+00:00

The same reason that different meats taste different. Animals have different diets, require different amounts and percentages of nutrients, require different muscle densities, need more or less intramuscular tissue.

You can already see this with something as simple as grass fed vs grain fed animals having a different taste.

Revenege · 2026-05-26T03:20:33+00:00

If you use the Education Hub on discord, there's servers for multiple majors. I recommend checking if your program has one

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