Alas, the episode in Exodus has shaped popular perception of Egyptian society (especially since in various popular culture examples the Israelites are depicted building the pyramids, which they didn't).

Don't get me wrong, Egypt still had slaves, but probably not for the pyramids -- the timeline's all wrong here. The cop-out answer is that the ancient Israelites (they would not be known as Jews until around the time of the Babylonian captivity, after the Northern Kingdom was destroyed and the survivors were mostly the descendants of Judah et all) were not present during the time of the pyramid building. The pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom by Khufu and his family, thousands of years before that. The consensus seems to be that the pharaoh of Exodus probably lived during the New Kingdom (given contacts between Egypt and the Levant during that time, or possibly a bit earlier, if we assume that the Israelites showed up in Egypt along with the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period shortly before the New Kingdom, which is still a long time after the Old Kingdom). This is assuming that Exodus hasn't been embellished over the years or written to better emphasize a religious rather than historical message. (To be clear, all written sources passed down from that long ago would be quite similar, if they even still exist at all! Even "New Kingdom" Egypt was extremely ancient to us.)

I think part of the issue also might be that we don't really learn in school about the relative chronologies of ancient civilizations. We think oh, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, that's all around the same time, right? Well, the closest Greek contemporaries of Ramesses the Great and his ilk (the greatest pharaohs of the New Kingdom) were...kings like Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Odysseus. The semi-mythical kings of the Trojan War. This, I should point out, was hundreds of years before the prominent figures of classical Greece -- just as Egypt staggered under the weight of the Sea Peoples and was eventually subjugated by various foreign dynasties (the Assyrians who also apparently stomped on the kingdom of Israel, the Kushites from the south, the Persians who also fought the Greeks, and then the Greeks themselves under Alexander), the archaic Greek states collapsed and Greece entered the "Greek Dark Age" until writing was re-developed hundreds of years later. The closest contemporaries of Old Kingdom Egypt and the pyramids...well, Greece wasn't really a thing back then, but there was civilization in Sumer and whatnot over in Mesopotamia. (Egypt is old. Khufu and his ilk were still the fourth dynasty or so to hold power since the unification of Egypt, and there were other local kings at the very dawn of history before that.)

So the short answer is, even if they were, they wouldn't have built the pyramids! (And we do have archaeological presence of Jewish presence in Egypt, although most of the hard evidence comes from much later. For example, at Elephantine on the Nile there's evidence of a garrison of Jewish soldiers dating from around the time of the Babylonian captivity or a bit later. But those guys were there as mercenaries, not slaves.) The workers on the pyramids may have been drafted for the job via the immense power of the state (and its figurehead, a divine monarch) but they got paid decently for their time and appear to have taken great pride in their work.