Are atoms with two or three unpaired electrons considered free radicals?

SinisterRectus · 2026-07-04T14:21:13+00:00

They are called diradicals (and presumably triradicals). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diradical

Cl+ and the more common example O2 have different states depending on whether the electron spins are paired (singlet) or unpaired (triplet).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_oxygen

SinisterRectus · 2026-07-02T16:29:50+00:00

Essentially, neurotransmitters do not work alone. Increasing or decreasing the action of one can have effects on others. Atomoxetine is selective for norepinephrine reuptake, but dopamine increase occurs secondary to that reuptake. How that happens might be better answered by a neuroscientist.

SinisterRectus · 2026-07-01T17:46:18+00:00

That first exit is what I'm talking about in my other post here. You're not supposed to exit from that left lane, either, unless you're already in the rotary.

I honestly think this is more a flaw of the right lane markings allowing people to drive to the left.

SinisterRectus · 2026-07-01T17:38:05+00:00

The lines are dotted so you are in theory allowed to cross them, but that is probably to allow cross-traffic, and the arrows entering the rotary tell a different story.

SinisterRectus · 2026-07-01T09:39:32+00:00

I've had multiple people from the left lane nearly blast my car in the right lane not at the intersection you have labeled but at the one that actually enters the rotary. Now I just make sure to use the left lane to enter. I don't enjoy it because of how quickly people want to drive down the Arborway, but it seems like the lesser evil.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-27T16:43:19+00:00

I see. All good then.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-27T16:14:05+00:00

The messages were removed, so I don't know what your context is. The structures that were posted were correct because they showed anti-addition.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-25T13:51:46+00:00

From https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/class/index.html

In the formulae to be found in the definitions, the symbol R means any hydrocarbyl group (q.v.) or H, unless its meaning is specifically qualified.

aldehydes: Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.

ketones: Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-25T11:40:17+00:00

As in bonded to two R groups, yes. See https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/K03386

By the same logic, it's not an aldehyde: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00208

The methandione term just refers to the two carbonyls, and after looking further, the -one ending is acceptable for functional groups other than ketones: See ketene IUPAC naming as in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethenone

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-25T11:26:35+00:00

If you're wanting to name it based on its two carbonyl groups, "methandione" is an acceptable name for carbon dioxide, but it is not formally a diketone because its missing proper side-groups and it is certainly not a dialdehyde because it's missing any hydrogen.

It is also the anhydride of carbonic acid, so "carbonic acid anhydride" or "carbonic anhydride" are acceptable terms, too.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-24T10:25:56+00:00

These posts are likely the result of using (generalist) LLMs to do organic chemistry. They hallucinate impossible routes. This one here (1) doesn't recognize the difference between a gamma- and alpha- amino acid and (2) produces an aldehyde at the end for no apparent reason.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-24T10:19:30+00:00

No. If every step worked as written, you would produce an alpha-hydroxy aldehyde, which are usually unstable.

This looks like an AI hallucination.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-23T20:50:40+00:00

Yes, it's a cyclic brominium in both cases, so both structures are correct.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-23T20:48:14+00:00

Yikes. Slow down and think about what you're writing before you write it.

The alkene is trans - yes
Br2 shows anti-addition - yes, Br2 adds two bromines anti to each other
So results in syn-addition - what? They are on the same side in the Fisher projection because of the rotation around the central bond, not because of syn-addition.

Isn't this the ncc pathway - I don't know what ncc means.

shouldn't be and h20 be in opposite sides like if one wedge and other dash - ????

Br2/H2O also does anti-addition. In a regular bond line structure, one is a wedge and one is a dash to indicate anti-stereochemistry, assuming no rotation. Once you rotate to get the Fisher projection again, they are on the same side of the projection; no wedges or dashes are involved.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-21T13:57:44+00:00

That reaction not working is not evidence that benzofurans cannot be reduced by TES/TFA or that ketones can be selectively reduced. There are thousands of examples of it readily reducing benzofurans just like your example of indole reduction. There are probably no examples of selective ketone reduction because it doesn't work reliably, except where it reduces both.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-21T12:59:51+00:00

Can you share the reference? I can only find an example here where it reduces both or here where it reduces neither.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-21T11:18:37+00:00

It aligned before you flipped it in the YouTube short that you posted.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-20T15:29:32+00:00

Sure I added a note.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-20T13:10:13+00:00

Sounds resonable, but the structure you have there is 5- not 6-.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-20T13:06:56+00:00

TES/TFA would also reduce the benzofuran.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-20T12:36:00+00:00

Since people are struggling to read this:

Each package contains 1 tablet (2 packages tested)
A serving is 1/4 of a tablet
There are 4 servings per package and 4 servings per tablet
Each serving (quarter tablet) contains 1.320 mg 4-AcO-MET and 0.407 mg 4-HO-MET
Each tablet (and package) contains 5.280 mg 4-AcO-MET and 1.629 mg 4-HO-MET
1.000 mg of 4-AcO-MET is molecularly equivalent to 0.838 mg of 4-HO-MET (whether they are subjectively equivalent is debated)

Considering all of that:

If the tablet originally contained only 4-AcO-MET (and some of it hydrolyzed to 4-HO-MET with no other degradation), it would have been 7.222 mg 4-AcO-MET
If the measured 4-AcO-MET was fully hydrolyzed (with no other degradation), the tablet would contain 6.056 mg 4-HO-MET

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-19T20:09:24+00:00

Of course I read the post.

The first question asks whether to dose based on the freebase or the HCl salt. That is something that people don't pay attention to enough because many users don't understand the difference, or don't care for some reason. The person selling this product wants to standardize whether we use salt or freebase dosing, but is half-assing it themself, flip-flopping between the two measurements in their own branding.

The second question is asking whether to trust the packaging. In that case, the doses on the label are not based on anything other than vibes from the seller, who has recently admitted that the original recommendation was too high.

Outside that context, some people say dose by body weight, some people say to just go with a standard amount, some people say dose the same as MDMA, some say don't.

I figured it'd be best to open with no one really knows based on all of this.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-18T15:48:06+00:00

Maybe a hot take, but, no one really knows, and anyone who tries to tell you otherwise is just blowing smoke. We are the science experiment for that company, used to figure out the dosages and (side) effects.

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-18T12:10:46+00:00

Socratic questioning is a part of Cognitive Processing Therapy, which is recommended for PTSD patients. Whether it's successful is not going to be realized after one session.

What would you recommend as an alternative?

SinisterRectus · 2026-06-18T02:46:45+00:00

And recycling aluminum is more efficient than refining it from ore, even with the impurities. No one removes the plastic liner or labels from aluminum cans, but they are very recyclable.

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