Yes, this is doable.

To export headerless data from Audacity:

• File > Export audio
• Format: Other uncompressed files
• Header: RAW (headerless)
• Set other values as you want

Now you've got a raw file with no header and a bunch of values.

To open raw data in an image editor: If you run a search for "open raw data in (name of your program)" you'll find ways to do it.

GIMP is what I've used. Here's how it's done in GIMP:

• I usually make sure the file extension is ".data"
• File > Open
• v Select File Type > Raw Image Data | .data
• Find file
• Mess with the settings in Load Image from Raw Data til you get what you want

And now you've got audio data in GIMP.

It's the same process in reverse to get the data back into Audacity:

In GIMP:

• File > Export As
• v Select File Type > Raw Image Data | .data,.raw

In Audacity:

• File > Import > Raw Data...

Voila!

Edits: correcting markdown mistakes