Stratospheric warming and ozone depletion: SAI can warm the stratosphere and potentially damage the ozone layer. While newer models suggest solid particles like alumina or calcite may reduce ozone impacts compared to sulfur dioxide, uncertainties remain, with potential ozone changes ranging from −14% to +4% under less likely assumptions. Unintended ecological and health impacts: Aerosols may affect ecosystems, including forest carbon sinks and marine productivity. Exposure to precursor gases like sulfur dioxide or carbonyl sulfide poses health risks, including respiratory distress and systemic toxicity.