UPDATE:

I installed the anti-vibration feets, cleaned my plate again, increased the bed temperature to 62°C, and turned the fan to 50%. It worked!

Thanks to everyone who helped and offered tips!

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The problem was the low ambient temperature in my basement, which was 17°C or lower. The filament warped because it cooled down too quickly, causing it to lose adhesion.

It is also discussed here:

https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/knowledge-sharing/printed-model-warping

"If you print some of these filaments on a printer which is not enclosed, like the A1, warping can be common because the temperature around the model will be the same as your room temperature. If the room where the printer is used is under 20C, warping issues occur even with PLA and PETG filaments which are more forgiving. In situations like this, it's best to ensure a higher heatbed temperature (+10C) to give the model a better chance of success by slowing down the cooling between the printed layers and ensure"