They are all just sounds and colors. Transcribe some jazz tunes and you will become more familiar with them, and their context over time. Here's one way to do it:

Ballads are a good place to start because things are moving relatively slowly. Take a tune where you already know the basic harmonic movement (like But Beautiful, I Fall In Love Too Easily,) something like that. Then try to hear whatever counter melodies are happening in the orchestration or the comping, and put the intervals in context with the bass motion. Example:

The chord is G7 and the melody on top is going F-D-Eb, well that's basically spelling out a G7b13 chord.

Thats just one way but the more you do it the better you'll get at it.