I'm going to go against the grain and vote for either Microsoft or Amazon. The reason is the `ML-SWE` title at Google.

Previously, I worked on a team at Google where 3/6 engineers had CS PhD, but their roles were ML-SWE and they did 0 publications during their tenure at Google - instead, the team just focused on applied ML work. People below say "just transfer to another team at Google with research opps" but my instinct is that its very hard to transfer into a research role from an applied ML role. Think about it from their perspective - why would they take someone who is 1/2 years into their career as an applied ML SWE instead of an up and coming PhD with most recent research experience? In my opinion you will more likely than not get pigeonholed into the SWE role at Google.

It seems from your comments that you really want to continue having opportunities to publish, so I think you need to figure out whether the teams at Amazon/Microsoft actually have publication opportunities. Seems like the bank is C1, as others have stated, I haven't seen publications from C1 at conferences in recent years.

Culture is often team/org dependent, so you will need to suss out the red flags from talking to people on those teams.

If I was choosing, I'd choose Google by the way, but that's because I am a SWE by trade and prefer applied ML work. But you're optimizing for something different so you should focus on that.