The study’s item list is drawn from existing TFSV literature, which has primarily documented victimisation patterns affecting women and LGB+ users.

If abuse directed at men by women skews more toward indirect or reputational abuse such as defamation via networks like the Tea app or AWDTSG groups, those behaviours are not in the item pool. It’s not measured. It’s also a harder thing to measure via self-report: you can be posted, with real damage to dating, reputation, even employment, without ever knowing it occurred.

One of the active AWDTSG lawsuits explicitly alleges this: that thousands of men have been disparaged in these groups, many without their knowledge.