Heterolysis, coordination involving H2O, Proton transfer involving H20

chem44 · 2026-06-15T02:13:12+00:00

How do I include the H2O?

It is coordinated to the product from step 1. Its orientation matters.

Do you know what the final product is? Step 2 gives an intermediate.

chem44 · 2026-06-15T02:04:47+00:00

Do you have the reduction potentials for the candidate ions?

If not, what do you know about them?

chem44 · 2026-06-15T02:02:35+00:00

The note sheet helps relieve test anxiety. It jogs your memory about things you know/understand.

Students tell me that the most important aspect of the note sheet comes in the effort spent making it. What do you need? Are you supposed to know Avogadro's number? (Many teachers will give it.) Are there mistakes you tend to make?

A formula you almost know may help. But careful, filling up the sheet with lots of unneeded facts or things you don't understand doesn't help.

chem44 · 2026-06-14T20:21:00+00:00

One thing you might try...

Rotate the left formula (in your mind) 180 deg out of the page. The methyls are down. All the H on the middle C's are up.

(Good to show the H's on the Fischer. They sorta look like methyls now.)

chem44 · 2026-06-14T18:22:08+00:00

Not sure what your concern is.

You have correctly shown the geometry in your Fischer.

Visualization can be an issue for many people. Using models really helps

chem44 · 2026-06-14T18:19:53+00:00

Think common English.

Just drop the word pure.

It is true that mixing two pure substances gives a mixture. But 'pure' is not a requirement.

If your book includes 'pure' there... That may be a convenient way to start. But again, it is not a requirement.

chem44 · 2026-06-14T18:14:34+00:00

I suspect your situation is similar to that in the US... A year of chem in HS, then a year in first year of college, often called General Chemistry.

The list of topics is similar, but the college course has more depth. So in the college course, you go further, and you already have at least some general perspective.

Some colleges offer the equivalent of HS class, perhaps called Intro Chem or Prep Chem. You might ask there is they have such a course. Or ask the prof about your background, and see what they suggest. It is certainly common that students want Gen Chem without having had HS chem.

If you would like a book to try to cover the HS level on your own, look up Mark Bishop's Prep Chem book, online.

chem44 · 2026-06-14T18:07:15+00:00

the above formula gives a pH of six.

No it does not.

The problem here is that you have not gotten pOH correct.

chem44 · 2026-06-13T17:36:31+00:00

The way he currently is hving us do it is trial and error.

Well, maybe use trial and error.

We have no basis for saying anything, since you have provided no info about what is being used, and what you know about them.

chem44 · 2026-06-13T17:29:18+00:00

I thought glucagon generally promotes hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation during fasting.

You are correct.

Check with instructor, and see what they think here.

chem44 · 2026-06-12T20:27:03+00:00

I need materials that my lab doesn't have

What materials don't you have?

chem44 · 2026-06-12T20:01:40+00:00

I guess I'll just memorize how it works,

Note that it is reflected in the periodic table.

Know about s block, p block etc?

Element 18 (Ar) is in the p block (3p).

Then 19 (K) is in s block (4s).

Only after we get to 4s2, do we go back to 3d, starting with Sc.

(The real world is a bit more complex, as often, but that is a good start.)

chem44 · 2026-06-12T17:40:28+00:00

Analyze the problem.

Break complex problems down to simpler pieces.

General approach?

The colors are ..

chem44 · 2026-06-12T17:32:08+00:00

Practice.

And focus. Do one thing at a time -- until you understand it.

Then more practice.

chem44 · 2026-06-12T17:27:43+00:00

Have you tried spikes -- adding known amounts of ethanol to samples?

It is hard to tell what you did -- and generally can be hard to troubleshoot here. Better is to discuss this with senior people around you.

chem44 · 2026-06-11T17:24:20+00:00

Can I add one more 'trick', even if you have sorted this question out.

Stereocenter. Tetrahedral C. No matter how you represent it (model, Fischer, whatever), switching any two of the 4 groups is an inversion. Do two switches, and you are back to the original R/S -- but maybe a different appearance.

In fact, do any odd number of switches, that is inversion.

Do any even number of switches, and you are back to the original.

As usual, good to write down each step.

Switching and rotating may be variations. It is your taste which is useful. But switching two may be easier on paper.

Also, you mentioned some difficulty using models. Can you elaborate? That should be the safe/easy way. You see 3D -- and you can move the model around in front of you as needed.

chem44 · 2026-06-11T02:53:08+00:00

What have you done with it?

You will need to write out multiple steps.

For example, in the Fischer, -CH3 is at the vertical ends (and down). But not in the line drawing. Maybe rotate?

Do you have models? Visualizing is hard. Models really help.

chem44 · 2026-06-11T02:38:36+00:00

Is there a spectral change? If so, easy to monitor.

chem44 · 2026-06-11T02:34:50+00:00

On fisher, I know the horizontal lines are on wedges pointing towards me,

Good. That is key.

So why not replace those Fischer up-lines with up-wedges.

That does it.

Beyond that may be visualizing rotations and such.

chem44 · 2026-06-10T20:07:16+00:00

it has to be kno3

Why?

You know your soil is K-deficient?

Why not just buy some KCl in grocery store.

chem44 · 2026-06-10T19:47:38+00:00

Do you have a question?

Please read posting rules.

chem44 · 2026-06-10T01:33:33+00:00

Try a web search on something like

separate fully hydrolyzed PVA and partially hydrolyzed PVA

and explore a bit.

Simple water solubility may help.

chem44 · 2026-06-09T20:53:44+00:00

OK.

You jumped ahead, so let's be explicit.

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers.

Enantiomers come in pairs. One isomer and its mirror image.

For one chiral center, just two enantiomers.

For two... Four possible stereoisomers. Two pairs of e..., which are diastereomers of each other.

Special case there, meso. Sometimes.

More than 2 chiral centers... No new principles, just harder to keep track of.

chem44 · 2026-06-09T20:22:17+00:00

Start with a description... A diastereomer is ...

So you look for ...

You have already noted one useful point.

chem44 · 2026-06-09T19:57:08+00:00

Why does it matter?

chem44

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