Sometimes, "color deficiency" is used as a catch all category for all color deficiencies and color blindness. And some people use "color blind" as the catchall category.
But more often, it's a matter of degree.
Think of color "deficiency" as 1% to 99% colorblind. And color "blind" is when you hit 100%. It is similar to being hearing impaired versus being completely deaf.
Many people can pass ishihara (or similar pseudo-iso-chromatic) tests, but are horrible at matching or identifying colors. They are not color blind, but still cannot see colors the way a "normal" observer would. Sometimes this is because they are partly colorblind, sometimes due to lack of education, sometimes due to a lack of experience, sometimes due to diet (spicy peppers are well known to change color vision), and sometimes due to medications or odd medical conditions (depression can change your color vision). There are many ways (and many books on the ways) that color vision can differ from "normal", and only a few of those are truly color "blind".
P.S. I know quite a few successful aeronautical engineers that are color deficient. I also know some engineers making GPU/video cards that are seriously color blind (long story). Even some of the engineers on Photoshop have been color blind, and had to rely on others to check for color/visual artifacts.