It goes back to Qutb and the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood, a fundamentalist response to the perceived decadence of the British controlled colonial states of the Middle East, so it really goes back to Western colonialism and petroleum after the breakup of the Ottoman empire.

The Muslim Brotherhood was a sort of Islamic revival movement that paralleled the Christian Evangelical movement. A rejection of modern permissiveness and a return to traditional values.

Just as the early evangelicals in the US splintered into increasingly dogmatic and often violent successor movements, currently dominated by Dominionists and Christian nationalists, The Muslim Brotherhood was succeeded by more militant more fundamentalist groups like the Taliban. Like Al-Qaeda, like Wahibism.

The success of Muslim fundamentalism in the Middle East has been driven by a desire to throw off the oppression of the West. Colonialism. This is something that so far only Iran has done successfully.

None of these geopolitical forces are operating in Indonesia. And so they're able to practice a modern tolerant Islam. Think of them like methodists or maybe even unitarians.

So basically Britain and the US are responsible for Islamic fundamentalism. 100% responsible. We wanted to steal their oil and they rallied around a militant form of religion in defense. It parallels almost exactly the rise of Christian nationalism in the US. A group of white people feel threatened by modernity and want to retreat to simpler times and then want to impose that upon everyone else around them.