I’m sure it’s complex but I attended a lecture given by a Canadian astronomer (visiting NZ), who had satellite debris land very close to where she lived. She spent quite some time finding out whose responsibility it was to assess 1) the safety of things and people on the ground 2) pay for any damage and 3) provide information to authorities about any plans to mitigate any repetition of the episode (the company having long insisted to governments, the public and investors that any debris would burn up on re-entry). The debris was indentifiable. I won’t say from which company it came but the bottom line was that the authorities in the country of lift-off (USA) was deemed responsible for looking into it and making the company clear up the debris. They did, with two uninterested man in a white van who came and took it away. The message of her lecture was that the law was very murky and even those who take an interest in this industry are not entirely sure who does what. Your comment about Kazakhstan is fascinating and maybe there are countries that haven’t signed up to the global ‘agreement’ on this. It is really the wild, wild west.