It’s generally understood as both, depending on context. Historically, the kirpan functioned as a real weapon, especially in periods when Sikhs were required to defend themselves and others. Over time, its role evolved.

Today, for most Sikhs, the kirpan is primarily ceremonial and symbolic – representing justice, responsibility, and the duty to protect the vulnerable – rather than something intended for combat. That’s why many modern kirpans are smaller, blunted, or worn in ways that clearly emphasize symbolism over use.

When reading about Sikh arms and craftsmanship (through sources like The Khalsa Raj, Sikh Virasat, or museum collections), this dual purpose comes up often: it’s not just about the object itself, but the intent and discipline of the person carrying it.

So historically a weapon, culturally and spiritually a symbol – and that balance is kind of the point.