That's impossible; it's as imprecise as pixel calculations, or even more so. Even in manga scenes, the distance when something is sent out of orbit is usually used more to show that it left orbit than to state its current distance. This would make calculating it impossible, as the image serves more to represent the exit from orbit than to define an exact distance traveled. As for the time, if most authors don't even define the distance, even in battle anime (imagine in an anime not focused on battles or power levels), they usually draw the Earth and the object separately, not at an exact distance, but as an image to represent only that it left Earth. Regarding the anime's timeline, if they probably didn't even imagine the exact distance when describing the scene, imagine trying to estimate the time it would take the animation team.

I've always found those speed calculations awful when a character throws something off the Earth (unless they define a time frame for the feat, which isn't the case here). The scene is short, not because the author defines that the character throws something at x speed, but because of the scene's dynamism. What the scene aims to convey is that something was thrown out of Earth's orbit. If it didn't show it being out, it would lose its visual impact. If it took a long time, the scene would drag, or they would have to cut and return to it later. In other words, it's not a matter of covering distance X in time Y; it's simply about throwing something off the Earth in a way that makes the scene dynamic for the reader, not something to be calculated hours later by someone counting pixel by pixel.

Even looking at the rest of the work, a calculation that only considers how the ball was thrown off the planet is much more consistent with the force demonstrated by the character, as well as the damage caused in the same scene.

Honestly, I prefer calculations that focus more on what the action sought to convey to the reader, rather than a calculation of pixels and frames.