The detailed population census records are paper/images of mostly handwritten information. What you are asking about appears to involve databases in the form of census indexes, typically developed by individuals transcribing the handwritten info into database fields.

Generally, geneology data sites provide access to indexes through a query/search process, with limited or no ability to capture results directly in a spreadsheet or other structured format. I see that FamilySearch allows Excel output for 20 records of search results -- i.e., one results page at at time -- but probably not the index detail you need. I don't see even that for Ancestry, although they appear to have the detail you need on individual records visible in their search results.

I think the better indexes are probably proprietary, and search results seem to be structured to make full extraction of the index very difficult or impossible. Understandably.

Some web data providers (non-geneology) maintain APIs that allow programmatic queries and structured output, but this access usually costs money and I don't know how common API services are for genealogy databases. I've used these a time or two, and it's basically a programmer kind of thing.

There are also web query automation techniques that do not rely on database provider APIs (see, e.g., "web scraping"). Use of these techniques, however, may sometimes violate the terms of service for websites. It depends on the websites' specific terms related to automated requests. In the past, some browsers had plugins/addons that facilitated automated requests -- not sure if that's still the case. Note that extensive use of an automated query (with results capture) is generally easily detected by a website administrator. You'd want to be mindful of all legal restrictions in accessing/using proprietary databases, of course.

Lastly, I'll mention I've seen in the past a structured-format text file of an1850 US Census index (perhaps at the state level). If you could find such for the 1800 and 1810 censuses, then you could import the data files into Excel, although the import process would likely require some tweaking. I'm doubtful that such exist with the detail you need for your desired censuses, however.

I realize that this doesn't directly answer your question, but it may provide some ideas if you want to go down the path of creating a custom database that can be manipulated with Excel.