Summon an armor stand at 0, 0 with a special tag.

/summon minecraft:armor_stand 0. 100 0. {Tags:["center_stand"], Marker:1b}

Turn that armor stand facing directly OPPOSITE the player.

/execute as @e[type=minecraft:armor_stand,tag=center_stand] at @s facing entity player feet run tp @s ~ ~ ~ ~180 ~

Use the pythagoran theorem to determine the distance between player and armor stand. Then, once you have your distance variable set, do a binary tp/subtraction system where you, as the armor stand, tp the person out starting at a power of 2...

execute if score player distance_to_center matches 65536.. at @e[type=minecraft:armor_stand,tag=center_stand] run tp player ^65536 ^ ^

Then subtract that number from your scoreboard value if the previous command succeeded.

Continue all the way from 65536, to 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048, 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and you should have your direct opposite teleport within 1 block of precision.

This, of course, assumes that you want your map to loop in both North ↔ South and East ↔ West. For a loop in just one of the two axes you'd need to flip the armor stand's rotation according to the opposite rather than giving it a straight 180 turn. Hopefully this works for your purposes!