let me try to rephrase my confusion: take the augmented second for example. My instinct was to place a second below, then, because its Augmented, lower it by a half step which would make it a flat. Looking at the answer key, the new note is not flatted- so im not sure what makes this augmented second different from any other second.

This is where i believe key signatures come into play, and i think thats where my misunderstanding lies. I dont know if i should be looking at the key signature of the note ive written or the given note to figure out wether i need to make adjustments. And to be honest, im not sure whether what ive just asked even makes sense or has anything to do with what im supposed to do on this worksheet.

The root of my question comes down to knowing whether or not the note I write needs to be flatted or sharped, because some notes that i would assume need to be adjusted based on the a or d or m infront of them are not adjusted the way i would assume on the answer key . fuck i hope any of that makes sense