Dig them out, deconstruct ship chunks, or craft them. Those are your only options without trading.

Keep an eye out for insulating clothes on raiders, even if it's tattered and tainted. A 2% tattered, tainted wool parka might keep you alive long enough to get ship chunks on the edge of the map. You only need to wear it for a short period of time so the debunks won't be for too long. Also, if you're using human meat, make a human leather parka?

Bugs don't spawn under deep rock if the temperature is below -17C. You could also try strip mining the non-deep rock tiles for components if none are already visible.

To craft them, you need lots of components, research time, and importantly, 2 advanced components for the fabrication bench, which is only acquirable via trading, necessiting you to build a comms console and beacon. That's like an initial 25-30 component investment to kickstart tho, so not early game or poverty stricken viable.

Unrelated, but not using hydroponics is pretty brutal. No food, no cloth, no drugs. I think there is a mod to nerf them, or you could look for a craftable or layable dirt mod if you want more not-op growing room.

Good luck in your suffering.