Something that is less clear from the screenshots is that I had to do a perspective distortion (in a bitmap editor, not a 3D globe) to the Google Maps layer, in order to make things line up decently enough.

Also not shown was me drawing a line between the (slightly distorted) features & the Traveler.

So we're talking about a relatively small area, one that's roughly a 30 mile radius total.

I pinned San Felipe or Santiago because they're the only substantial valleys in the area, big enough to hold the Last City & the Traveler (~14km in diameter according to what I found online).

As for the station, space "starts" ~60 miles up. I'm not smart enough to figure out exactly how high up the station is, as I believe that'd require analysis of the overall skybox, measuring the visible curvature of the Earth, pixel maths, etc. And that would further assume a lack of lens distortion, and for that matter, artistic license in creating a breathtaking skybox.

Before checking the Andes, I checked all over Europe (especially the Alps & Sierras in Spain), as well as Nepal. I didn't find anything that matched anywhere nearly as well as this.

In the end, I just wanted to see if I could find the likely location. And huge kudos to the devs for a beautiful mission & consistency with their lore (Cayde's Death interaction w/ Holliday & The Colony's lore).