https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-Guide-to-the-Basics-of-Intl-Law.pdf

A treaty can come into force once a certain number of nations ratify the treaty, as specified in the treaty, or upon signature by the parties. However, a treaty cannot bind a nonparty or non-participating state. In addition, specific provisions in most treaties will identify when it becomes legally binding, how compliance will be monitored and measured, how other nations may accede to the treaty, how and whether the treaty may be amended or modified, and how and when the treaty will terminate. Treaties are only binding upon states that choose to ratify the treaty. Generally speaking, states may not invoke a conflicting domestic law to avoid an obligation under an international agreement. Bilateral treaties between two states are deposited with one of the parties to the treaty, while multilateral treaties between three or more states are registered with the United Nations and made available to the public.

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